2.1. Laboratory Equipment and Instrumentation

Laboratory Equipment
and Instrumentation
Objectives
• List and describe the types of
thermometers used in the clinical
laboratory.
• Classify the type of pipette when given
an actual pipette or its description.
• Demonstrate the proper use of a
measuring and volumetric pipette.
• Define a desiccant and discuss how it is
used in the clinical laboratory.
• Describe how to properly care for and
balance a centrifuge.
Laboratory Equipment
• Heating Units
• Glassware and Plasticware
• Desiccators and Desiccants
• Balances
• Centrifuges
Heat blocks and water baths
are common heating units
within the laboratory.
Celsius, Fahrenheit,
Heating Units Kelvin
Celsius is commonly used

in practice
Common Temperature Conversion
• All analytic reactions occur at an
optimal temperature.
• Some laboratory procedures, such

as enzyme determinations, require
precise temperature control.
Heating Units
• Reactions that are temperature
dependent use some type of
heating/cooling cell,
heating/cooling block, or
water/ice bath to provide the
correct temperature environment.
• Laboratory refrigerator
temperatures are often critical
and need periodic verification.
• Thermometers can be an
Heating Units integral part of an instrument or
need to be placed in the device
for temperature maintenance
and monitoring.
• All temperature-reading devices

must be calibrated for accuracy
• Liquid-in-glass thermometers use a
colored liquid (red or other colored
material), encased in plastic or
glass measuring temperature
between 20oC and 4000C.
Heating Units
• Fast-reading electronic
thermometer (thermistor) has
increased and is now routinely
incorporated in many devices.
Glassware and Plasticware
• Laboratory Glassware
1. Volumetric Flask
2. Erlenmeyer Flask and Griffin
Beakers
3. Graduated Cylinder
• Pipettes
• Syringes
Glassware and
Plasticware
Categories of Glassware:
1. Kimax/Pyrex (borosilicate)
2. Corex (aluminosilicate), high silica
3. Vycor (acid and alkali resistant),
low actinic (amber colored), or
flint (soda lime) glass used for
disposable material.
• Plasticware is beginning to replace glassware in the laboratory
setting:
1. High resistance to corrosion and breakage
2. Flexibility
3. Inexpensive
• Glass or plastic that is in direct contact with biohazardous

material is usually disposable.
• Cleaning of glass or plastic may require special techniques.

Immediately rinsing glass or plastic supplies after use, followed
by washing with a detergent designed for cleaning laboratory
supplies and several distilled water rinses, may be sufficient.
• Presoaking glassware in soapy water is highly recommended
whenever immediate cleaning is impractical.
• Many laboratories use automatic dishwashers and dryers for

cleaning.
• Detergents and temperature levels should be compatible with the

material and the manufacturer’s recommendations.
• To ensure that all detergent has been removed from the labware,
multiple rinses with appropriate grade water is recommended
• Volumetric Flask
Laboratory • Erlenmeyer Flask and
Glassware Griffin Beakers
• Graduated Cylinders
Volumetric Flask
• Calibrated to hold one exact volume of liquid (TC)

• It has a round, lower portion with a flat bottom and a
long, thin neck with an etched calibration line
• Used to bring a given reagent to its final volume with the
recommended diluent
Erlenmeyer Flask and Griffin Beaker
• Designed to hold different volumes rather than one exact amount

• Because Erlenmeyer flasks and Griffin beakers are often used in reagent
preparation, flask size, chemical inertness, and thermal stability should
be considered
• Erlenmeyer flask has a wide bottom that gradually evolves into a smaller,
short neck
• Griffin beaker has a flat bottom, straight sides, and an opening as wide as
the flat base, with a small spout in the lip.
Graduated Cylinders
• Long, cylindrical tubes usually held upright by an
octagonal or circular base
• Has horizontal calibration marks and is used to measure
volumes of liquids
• Graduated cylinders do not have the accuracy of
volumetric labware
• Sizes routinely used are 10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and
2000 mL
• Equipment used to transfer liquids
• Reusable or Disposable
Pipettes • They are usually used for volumes of 20 mL or
less
• Larger volumes are usually transferred or
dispensed using automated pipetting devices
Design
• To Contain (TC)
Pipette • To Deliver (TD)
Classification Drainage
Characteristics
• Blowout
• Self-Draining
Pipette Classification
•Type
•A. Measuring or Graduated •B. Transfer
• Serologic • Volumetric
• Mohr • Ostwald – Folin
• Bacteriologic • Pasteur Pipettes
• Ball, Kolmer, or Kahn • Automatic Macropipettes or
• Micropipette Micropipettes
Pipettes
Pipettes
Pipettes
Pipettes
• Blow Out Pipette
- has a continuous etched ring or two
small, close, continuous rings located
near the top of the pipette
- the last drop of liquid should be expelled
Blow Out and Self - into the receiving vessel
Draining
• Self – Draining Pipette
- No markings
- Contents of the pipette is allowed to drain
by gravity
• Measuring or graduated Pipettes
- capable of dispensing several
different volumes
- used to transfer reagents or make
dilutions and can be used to
repeatedly transfer a particular
Pipettes solution
Examples:
Mohr Pipette
Serologic Pipette
Micropipettes
• Transfer Pipette
- dispense one volume without further
subdivisions
• Ostwald – Folin Pipettes

Pipettes - used with biologic fluids having a viscosity
greater than that of water
- blowout pipettes
- indicated by two etched continuous rings
at the top
Disposable
Transfer
Pipette
Ostwald – Folin
Pipette
Pipettes
• Volumetric Pipette
- designed to dispense or transfer aqueous
solutions and is always self-draining
- bulb-like enlargement in the pipette stem easily
identifies the volumetric pipette
- has the greatest degree of accuracy and precision
- used when diluting standards, calibrators, or
quality control material
Volumetric
pipette
Pipette
• Automatic Pipette
- most routinely used pipette
- come in a variety of types including fixed
volume, variable volume, and multichannel.
- Increase precision, save time, and requires
less cleaning because the tips are disposable
Pipette
• Automatic Pipette
- pipette with a capability of less than 1 mL is
considered a micropipette
- pipette that dispenses greater than 1 mL is called
an automatic macropipette.
- Multichannel Pipette
Air Displacement Pipette
Automatic
Positive Displacement Pipette
Pipette
According to
Dispenser Pipette
Mechanism
According to Mechanism
• Air Displacement Pipette
- relies on a piston for creating suction to
draw the sample into a disposable tip that
must be changed after each use
- piston does not come in contact with the
liquid
• Positive Displacement Pipette
- operates by moving the piston in the
pipette tip or barrel
- does not require a different tip for each
use
• Dispenser Pipette
- automatic pipettes that obtain the
liquid from a common reservoir and
dispense it repeatedly
- may be bottle-top, motorized,
handheld, or attached to a dilutor
• used for transfer of small volumes
(< 500 μL) in blood gas analysis or
in separation techniques such as
chromatography or
electrophoresis
• Usually, glass and plunger is made
Syringes of fine piece of wire
• Tips are not used when used to
inject sample for Chromatography
or HPLC
• For electrophoresis, disposable
Teflon tips are used
• This are materials that are
very hygroscopic that can
remove moisture from the
Desiccators and air as well as from other
Desiccants materials
• Closed and sealed containers
that contain desiccants are
termed as desiccators
• Analytic and Electronic
Balances
- Required in the preparation
of any primary standard
Balances - single pan enclosed by
sliding transparent doors
- weight range for many
analytic balances is from
0.01 mg to 160 g
• Centrifugation
- a process in which centrifugal force
is used to separate serum or
plasma from the blood cells as the
blood samples are being processed
Centrifuge - to separate a supernatant from a
precipitate during an analytic
reaction
- to separate two immiscible liquids,
such as a lipid - laden sample
Centrifuge • Head • Centrifugal Force
• Rotor - Mass
• Carriers - Speed
• Shields - Radius
Centrifuge
• centrifugal force generated is expressed in terms of relative

centrifugal force (RCF) or gravities (g)
Where:
1.118 x 10-5 – constant
r – radius in cm ( from center of the centrifuge axis to the
bottom of the test tube shield or bucket)
Centrifuge Classification
-Thank
You-

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Laboratory Equipment

Celsius is commonly used

• Some laboratory procedures, such

• All temperature-reading devices

• Glass or plastic that is in direct contact with biohazardous

• Cleaning of glass or plastic may require special techniques.

• Many laboratories use automatic dishwashers and dryers for

• Detergents and temperature levels should be compatible with the

• Calibrated to hold one exact volume of liquid (TC)

• Designed to hold different volumes rather than one exact amount

• Ostwald – Folin Pipettes

• centrifugal force generated is expressed in terms of relative

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