Unit 2: Matter

Module 1: Electronic Structure of

Matter

Bohr and Rutherford’s

Atomic Model
(S9MT-IIa-21)

PRESENTED BY BABY RHODA M. CARIZAL

Our Today’s Journey
About Pre-Assessment
The things you Lets’ assess
need to learn. 1 what you 2
know!
Lesson Proper Activity Proper
Enriched your Enjoy while
mind. 3 learning. 4
Summary References
Summing up Sources of
the learning
5 information 6
 Content
Standard
Performance
Standard
The learners
Learning
demonstrate an
understanding of Competency
the development of The learners
atomic models that should be able to
led to the description The learners

about
explain the
of the behavior of
development of should be able
electrons within
atoms. atomic models to describe how
that led to the the Bohr model
description of the of the atom
behavior of improved
electrons within
Rutherford’s
atoms.
atomic model.
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

1. On the basis of Rutherford’s model of an

about
atom, which subatomic particle is present in
the nucleus of an atom?

a. proton and electron c. proton and neutron

b. neutron and electron d. proton only
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

about
2. If the first and second energy levels of
an atom are full, then what would be the
total number of electrons in the atom?
a.6 b. 8 c. 10 d.18
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

3. Which Atomic model is proposed by

about
Schrodinger?
a.Nuclear model
b.Raisin bread model
c.Planetary model
d.Quantum mechanical model
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

4. Who developed the plum pudding

about
model of the atom?
a.J.J Thomson
b.Ernest Rutherford
c.Niels Bohr
d.Albert Einstein
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

5. What are the orbitals present in the fifth

about
principal energy level?
a.s orbital
b.s, p orbitals
c. s, p, d orbitals
d.s, p, d, f orbitals
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

6. What experiment did Rutherford use to

revise Thomson’s plum pudding model?

a.Gold bar experiment

b.Gold foil experiment
c.alpha experiment
d.alpha deflection experiment
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

7. What atomic model best describe the

about
model at the right?
a. Einstein’s Model
b. Rutherford’s Model
c. Thomson’s Model
d. Bohr’s Model
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

8. Which of the following is not a sub

about
atomic particle?
a.Proton
b.Electron
c.neutron
d.nucleus
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

9. Which of the following was an observation

about
made by Rutherford in his gold foil experiment?
a.All of the alpha particles passed through.
b.All alpha particles deflected
c.No alpha particle passed through
d.A few alpha particle deflected.
 Pre-Assessment
Directions: Read carefully each questions then, select
the letter of the correct answer.

10. Which of the following are found

about
in an atom’s nucleus?
a.Neutron
b.Proton
c.electron
d.photon
 Pre-Assessment

ANSWERS
1.c. Proton and Neutron

Pre-Assessment
2.c. 10
3.d. quantum mechanical model
4.a. J.J. Thomson
5.d. s, p, d, f orbitals
6.b. gold foil experiment
7.d. Bohr’s model
8.d. nucleus
9.d. A few alpha particles deflected.
 n d
r a d ’ s
o h f o r el

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B er o d

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about
t h M
u
R m ic
t o
A
 What is
Matter?

MATTER is anything that

Lesson
occupies space and has mass.
References
Summary
Activity

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about
 What is
Matter?

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Matter is made up of tiny
particles called ATOM.
 As early as the
17th century,
knowledge about
the structure of
the atom grew

Lesson
when scientists
began to study the
emission and
absorption of light
from different
elements.
An atom is the defining structure of an element that
cannot be changed by chemical means. It is made up
of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Lesson
PROTON - a positively charged elementary particle that is
a fundamental constituent of all atomic nuclei. It is the
lightest and most stable baryon, having a charge equal in
magnitude to that of the electron, a spin of ½, and a mass
of 1.673 × 10−27 kg. Symbol: P
 Lesson
NEUTRON- an elementary particle having no
charge, mass slightly greater than that of a
proton, and spin of ½: a constituent of the
nuclei of all atoms except those of
hydrogen. Symbol: n
ELECTRON- an elementary particle
that is a fundamental constituent of
matter, having a spin of ½, and

about
existing independently or as the
component outside the nucleus of an
atom.
 Dalton drew upon the Ancient Greek idea of
Solid Sphere atoms ( the word ‘atom’ comes from the
Model Greek word ‘atomos’ meaning indivisible.
His theory stated that atoms are indivisible,
those of a given element are identical, and
compounds are combinations of different
types of atoms.

RECOGNIZED ATOMS OF A PARTICULAR

ELEMENT DIFFER FROM OTHER ELEMENTS

ATOMS AREN’T INDIVISIBLE- THEY’RE

COMPOSED FROM SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Plum Pudding Model
Nuclear Model

about
Planetary Model
Quantum Model

about
 Rutherford Model of the Atom
Before Rutherford came up with his atomic model, the
accepted atomic model was the plum pudding model by J.J.
Thomson. In the plum pudding method, both the positive
and negative charges are mixed inside the atom. Rutherford
tested this Thomson's model using his gold foil experiment.
During his experiment, he noticed some alpha particles
that rebounded directly backwards, which is not consistent
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Summary

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with Thomson's model. He concluded that this must be
Activity

because most of the mass of the atoms is concentrated on

Lesson

about
the nucleus. Thus, he created his planetary model of the
atom.
 Bohr's Model of the Atom
Niels Bohr adapted Rutherford’s model, which
contains a tiny, dense positively core called nucleus. The
nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, is then
surrounded by the negatively charged electrons. Bohr
proposed that instead of electrons randomly surrounding
the nucleus, the electrons orbit the nucleus. The orbits
of electrons have different sizes and energy levels.
Bohr referred to the orbits as “shells” and designated
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each shell with an integer. He proposed that an electron
Activity

Lesson
occupying the first shell is closer to the nucleus and

about
has less energy than the ones in the higher energy
levels.
 Three physicists led the development of a better model of
the atom in the next years especially when scientists found out
that electron’s exact position is impossible to know. These were
Louie de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Karl
Heisenberg.
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Activity

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about
• De Broglie proposed that the electron (which is
thought of as a particle) could also be thought
of as a wave.
• Schrodinger used this idea to develop a
mathematical equation to describe the
hydrogen atom.
• Heisenberg discovered that for a very small
particle like the electron, its location cannot
be exactly known and how it is moving. This is
called the uncertainty principle.
 Instead, these scientists
believed that there is only a
probability that the electron can be
found in a certain volume in space
around the nucleus which eventually
called as an atomic orbital.
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Activity

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about
The quantum mechanical model also gives information
about the energy of the electron. The model also
describes the region of space around the nucleus as
consisting of shells. These shells are also called
principal or main energy levels. The principal energy
levels or shells may have one or more sublevels. These
sublevels are assigned with letters: s, p, d, f, and g.
 Sublevels of the Five Energy
Levels
Type of
Principal Maximum
Number of Sublevel and
Energy Number of
Sublevels Number of
Level Electrons
Orbitals
1 1 1s (1orbital) 2
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2s (1orbital),
2 2 8
Activity

2p (3 orbitals)

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about
3s (1orbital),
3 3 3p (3 orbitals) 18
3d (5 orbitals)
4s (1orbital),
4p (3 orbitals)
4 4 32
4d (5 orbitals)
4f (7 orbitals)
5s (1orbital),
5p (3 orbitals)
5 5 5d (5 orbitals) 50
5f (7 orbitals)
5g (9 orbitals)
 To further
understand this,
let’s us watch this
video from Ted Ed as
presented by
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Summary

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Activity

Theresa Doud,

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about
animation by TED-
Ed.
 Presentation of the
Activity Result
Activity
References
Summary

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1:

Activity
Lesson

about
Copper II
Sulfate
Flame
Test
Potassium
Chloride

Sodium Calcium Boric Acid Ethanol

Chloride Chloride
 Activity 1: The Flame Test
4. Write your observation in a table similar to the one
below.
Table 1. Color of flame of metal salts
Metal salt tested Element Color of
producing color the flame
Boric acid Boron Green
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Calcium chloride Calcium Orange

Activity
Lesson

about
Sodium chloride Sodium Yellow
orange
Potassium chloride Potassium Light
Violet
Copper sulfate copper Blue green

Copper II Potassium Sodium Calcium Boric Acid Ethanol

Sulfate Chloride Chloride Chloride
 Presentation of the Activity Result
Activity 1: Flame Test
Question:
Q1. Why do you think are there different
colors emitted?
Answer:
Metal salts emitted different colors because of the
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Summary

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absorption of heat from the flame. Since the metal salts is

Activity
Lesson
composed of different atoms with different atomic energy, they

about
emit different color from one another. These colors given off by
the vapors of the elements can be analyzed with an instrument
called spectroscope.
 Presentation of the Activity Result
Activity 1: Flame Test

Question:
Q2. What particles in the heated compounds are responsible
for the production of the colored light?
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Answer:
Summary

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The outermost particles in the metallic element are responsible for

Activity
Lesson

about
the
production of colored light which is the electron. A distinctive color is
emitted because the heat of the flame excites the electrons of the metal
ions, causing them to emit visible light. This visible light under a
spectroscope produced characteristics color and wavelength which is
called atomic spectrum of element. The color, number and position of
lines produced is called the “fingerprint” of an element.
 Presentation of the Activity Result
Activity 1: Flame Test

Question:
Q3. How did the scientists explain the relationship between
the colors observed and the structure of the atom?
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Activity
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Answer:

about
The colors observed is an indication that definite energy
transformations occurs inside the atom emitting light. It follows that
electrons must occupy orbits of fixed energy.

Copper II Potassium Sodium Calcium Ethanol

Boric Acid
Sulfate Chloride Chloride Chloride
 Presentation of the Activity Result
Activity 1: Flame Test

Question:
Q4. Explain how your observation in Activity 1 relates to
Bohr’s model of the atom.
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Summary

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Activity
Lesson
Answer:

about
The electrons are moving
around the nucleus in circular orbits.
When an electron absorbed extra
energy from an outside source
(flame), the electron moves to a
higher orbit at this point the
electron is at excited state. Colored
light is emitted when the electron
falls back to a lower orbit. This light
is the difference between the
energies of the two orbits involved.
 Presentation of the Activity Result
Activity 1: Flame Test

Question:
Q5. Which illustration below represents the energy of the
electron as described by Bohr? Explain your answer.
Answer:
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The energy levels (orbits) of electrons

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are like the steps of a ladder. The lowest

Activity
Lesson

about
step of the ladder corresponds to the
lowest energy level. A person can climb up
and down by going from step to step.
Similarly, the electrons can move from one
energy level to another by absorbing or
releasing energy. Energy levels in an atom
are not equally spaced which means that the
amounts of energy are not the same. The
higher energy levels are closer together. The
higher energy level occupied by an
electron, the less energy it takes to move
from that energy level to the next higher
energy level.
 Summary of the Lesson
J.J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford
Develop the plum pudding model of Developed the planetary model of atom.
atom. that describes the atom as mostly
empty space. Its mass is
concentrated in the nucleus that
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Summary
consist of protons and neutrons
Niels Bohr

Activity
Atomic Orbital

Lesson

about
Developed his model of the atom
wherein the nucleus, which The quantum states of the
contains protons and neutrons, is individual electrons in the
then surrounded by the negatively electron cloud around a
charged electrons single atom.

Principal or Main Energy

Levels
The principal energy level of an
electron refers to the shell or
orbital in which the electron is
located relative to the atom's
nucleus. This level is denoted by
the principal quantum number n.
 REFERENCES

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1 2 3 4

Activity
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about
SCIENCE 9 SCIENCE 9 Quipper Class Ted Ed
Learner’s Teacher’s Science 9 Therese Doud
Material Material