Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 216 views

    Oppositional Inference

    Uploaded by

    Bagi Racelis
    This document discusses different types of oppositional inference: 1. Contradictory opposition between A and O propositions and between E and I propositions, where if one is true the other is false, and vice versa. 2. Contrary opposition between A and E propositions, where if one is true the other is false but if one is false the other is unknown. 3. Sub-contrary opposition between I and O propositions, where if one is true the other is unknown, and if one is false the other is true. 4. Sub-altern opposition between A and I propositions and between E and O propositions, where the truth value of the universal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Oppositional Inference

    Uploaded by

    Bagi Racelis
    216 views13 pages
    This document discusses different types of oppositional inference: 1. Contradictory opposition between A and O propositions and between E and I propositions, where if one is true the other is false, and vice versa. 2. Contrary opposition between A and E propositions, where if one is true the other is false but if one is false the other is unknown. 3. Sub-contrary opposition between I and O propositions, where if one is true the other is unknown, and if one is false the other is true. 4. Sub-altern opposition between A and I propositions and between E and O propositions, where the truth value of the universal

    Original Title

    oppositional inference

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses different types of oppositional inference: 1. Contradictory opposition between A and O propositions and between E and I propositions, where if one is true the other is false, and vice versa. 2. Contrary opposition between A and E propositions, where if one is true the other is false but if one is false the other is unknown. 3. Sub-contrary opposition between I and O propositions, where if one is true the other is unknown, and if one is false the other is true. 4. Sub-altern opposition between A and I propositions and between E and O propositions, where the truth value of the universal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    216 views13 pages

    Oppositional Inference

    Uploaded by

    Bagi Racelis
    This document discusses different types of oppositional inference: 1. Contradictory opposition between A and O propositions and between E and I propositions, where if one is true the other is false, and vice versa. 2. Contrary opposition between A and E propositions, where if one is true the other is false but if one is false the other is unknown. 3. Sub-contrary opposition between I and O propositions, where if one is true the other is unknown, and if one is false the other is true. 4. Sub-altern opposition between A and I propositions and between E and O propositions, where the truth value of the universal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 13

    CHAPTER 6

    OPPOSITIONAL
    INFERRENCE
    Immediate Inference - Oppositional Inference

    A.      Oppositional Inference
     – it is a type of immediate inference in which we deduce the truth value of
    another proposition (can be A, E, I, O) from a given truth value of a proposition
    of the same structure.

    Example:
                                    “All men are mortals” is true.
                                    Therefore, “No men are mortals” is _______.
                                    The answer is false.
    TYPES OF OPPOSITIONAL INFERENCE
    1. CONTRADICTORY OPPOSITION

    2. CONTRARY OPPOSTION

    3. SUB-CONTRARY OPPOSITION

    4. SUB-ALTERNS
    CONTRADICTORY OPPOSITION
        

     the opposition between A & O propositions and E & I propositions.


    Rule: If one is true, the other is false. If one is false, the other is true.

    Examples:

     (A) All men are mortals. – True | False


    (O) Some men are not mortals. – False | True

    (O) Some men are not mortals. – False | True


    (A) All men are mortals. – True | False

    (E) No men are angels. – True | False


    (I) Some men are angels. – False | True

    (I) Some men are angels. – False | True


    (E) No men are angels. – True | False
    CONTRARY OPPOSITION
      
     it is the opposition between A and E propositions.
                            Rule: If one is true, the other is false. If one is false, the other is
    unknown.

    Example:
            If one is true:
                            (A) All men are mortals. – True                  (E) No men are angels. – True
                            (E) No men are mortals. – False                 (A) All men are angels.
    – False
            If one is false:
                            (A) All men are angels. – False                   (E) No men are mortals. –
    False
                            (E) No men are angels. – Unknown         (A) All men are angels.
    – Unknown
    Explanation:
    If one is false, we cannot immediately infer that
    the other is true because it might be the case
    that if one is false the other might also be false.
    Hence, the better answer is unknown.
    SUB-CONTRARY
    OPPOSITION
    Sub-contrary – it is the opposition between I and O propositions.
                            
    Rule: If one is true, the other is Unknown. If one is false, the other
    is true.

    Example:
            If one is true:
                            (I) Some animals are mammals. – True                  
                            (O) Some animals are not mammals. – Unknown

                            (O) Some animals are not mammals. – True


                            (I) Some animals are mammals. – Unknown
    Explanation:

    If one is true, we cannot immediately infer that the other is false since it is
    possible that the other could also be true; hence, Unknown.

            If one is true:


                            (I) Some animals are flowers. – False                     
                            (O) Some animals are not flowers. – True

                            (O) Some mammals are not animals. – False


                            (I) Some mammals are animals. – True
    SUB-ALTERNS
      Sub-altern
    it is the opposition between A & I propositions and E & O propositions.

    Rule:     
    If the universal proposition is true, the particular proposition is true. If the universal
    proposition is false, the particular proposition is Unknown.
                    If the particular proposition is false, the universal proposition is false. If the
    particular proposition is true, the universal proposition is Unknown.

    Example:
            If the universal is true:
                            (A) All men are mortals. – True                  (E) No men are angels. – True
                            (I) Some men are mortals. – True             (O) Some men are not angels. –
    True
    f the universal is false:
                    (A) All men are angels. – False                  
    (E) No men are mortals. – False
                    (I) Some men are angels – Unknown      (O)
    Some men are not mortals.Unknown

    Explanation:
    If the universal is false, we cannot immediately infer
    that the particular is also false since it is possible
    that the particular can be true.
    If the particular is true:
                    (I) Some animals are mammals. – True
                    (A) All animals are mammals. – Unknown

                    (O) Some animals are not mammals. – True


                    (E) No animals are not mammals. – Unknown

    Explanation:
    If the particular is false, it is possible that the universal can be
    true or can be false; hence, Unknown.
    If the particular is false:
                    (I) Some animals are mammals. – False
                    (A) All animals are mammals. – False

                    (O) Some animals are not mammals. – False


                    (E) No animals are not mammals. – False
    THANK
    YOU!!!!

     Prepared by: Russell Jhonn R. Alburo

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy