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    RRL Anne)

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    1) Traditional medicine practices like herbalism were passed down generations in communities and folk herbalists had high social status. However, modern drugs became more popular due to being cheaper. 2) The Philippine government has implemented policies and programs to promote traditional medicine, including establishing the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care. 3) Ethnopharmacology studies how indigenous cultures use medicinal plants, including bioactive compounds and sustainable production methods. Researchers collaborate with traditional healers and document medical knowledge.

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    RRL Anne)

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    961 views27 pages
    1) Traditional medicine practices like herbalism were passed down generations in communities and folk herbalists had high social status. However, modern drugs became more popular due to being cheaper. 2) The Philippine government has implemented policies and programs to promote traditional medicine, including establishing the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care. 3) Ethnopharmacology studies how indigenous cultures use medicinal plants, including bioactive compounds and sustainable production methods. Researchers collaborate with traditional healers and document medical knowledge.

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    1) Traditional medicine practices like herbalism were passed down generations in communities and folk herbalists had high social status. However, modern drugs became more popular due to being cheaper. 2) The Philippine government has implemented policies and programs to promote traditional medicine, including establishing the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care. 3) Ethnopharmacology studies how indigenous cultures use medicinal plants, including bioactive compounds and sustainable production methods. Researchers collaborate with traditional healers and document medical knowledge.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    961 views27 pages

    RRL Anne)

    Uploaded by

    api-3728522
    1) Traditional medicine practices like herbalism were passed down generations in communities and folk herbalists had high social status. However, modern drugs became more popular due to being cheaper. 2) The Philippine government has implemented policies and programs to promote traditional medicine, including establishing the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care. 3) Ethnopharmacology studies how indigenous cultures use medicinal plants, including bioactive compounds and sustainable production methods. Researchers collaborate with traditional healers and document medical knowledge.

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    of 27

    RRL

    Traditional Medicine
    • Folk Herbalist
    - Tested the curative effects of herbal medicines
    - Handed from generations to generations
    - Moral support and psychological comfort from
    patients
    - High social status and are well respected
    • Modern drugs
    - cheaper
    - decline of herbal medicines popularity

    • 1992 - Administrative Order No.12


    - Traditional Medicine Program
    - Senator Juan Flavier
    - promote and advocate Traditional Medicine
    • RA 8423
    Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA)

    • Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative


    Health Care (PITAHC)
    - A Government owned and controlled corporation
    (GOCC)
    - provision and delivery of traditional and alternative health
    care (TAHC) products, services and technologies that
    have been proven safe, effective and affordable
    PITAHC
    • “Traditional and alternative health care in
    the hands of the people”
    • Alternative healthcare is the sum of total
    knowledge, skills, and practices on health
    care, other than those embodied in
    biomedicine, used in the prevention,
    diagnosis and elimination of physical or
    mental disorder
    • Traditional Medicine
    Sum of total knowledge, skills and practices on
    health care, not necessarily explicable in the
    context of modern, scientific philosophical
    framework but recognized by the people to help
    maintain and improve their health towards the
    wholeness of their being, the community and
    society, and their interrelations based on culture,
    history, heritage and consciousness
    WHO - based on indigenous theories, beliefs and
    experiences that are handed down form
    generation to generation
    According to the DOH, the health sector falls short
    due to:
    - inappropriate health delivery system such as,
    poor hospital facilities, fragmented primary
    health system, ineffective delivery mechanism
    for public health program, and misdistribution of
    health human resources
    - inadequate health regulatory mechanisms such
    as gaps in regulatory mandates, lengthy and
    laborious regulatory systems and processes and
    inadequate human resources and facilities
    resulting in poor quality of health care, high cost
    of privately provided health services and high
    cost of drugs
    - poor health care financing such as inadequate
    funding, inefficient sourcing, and ineffective
    allocation
    Traditional Health Program
    • Ten (10) herbs have been thoroughly tested and
    have been clinically proven to have medicinal
    values

    Akapulko Niyog-niyogan
    Ampalaya Sambong
    Bawang Tsaang Gubat
    Bayabas Ulasimang Bato
    Lagundi Yerba Buena
    Ethnopharmacology
    • scientific study that correlates ethnic groups, their
    health practices, and how it relates to their physical
    habits and methodology in creating and using
    medicines
    • incorporates the social science of ethnology and the
    medical science of pharmacology. It is related to
    botany in that many pharmaceuticals are delivered
    through plants
    • through the combination of medical anthropology,
    phytotherapy, and pharmaceutical science, it explores
    medicinal plants in indigenous cultures, which includes
    the bioactive compounds, and the sustainable
    development and production of nature-derived
    therapeutics
    Ethnopharmacology
    • Thus, ethnopharmacology studies the
    pharmacological aspects of a culture's medical
    treatment as well as its social appeal. This
    includes taste, symbology, and religious context.
    Through this, a culture's exposure to
    pharmacological substances can be determined.
    • methods of collection, extraction, preparation –
    allowed safe usage of the substance and its
    safety record
    • Ethnopharmacological Research
    - Documentation of indigenous medical knowledge
    - Scientific study of indigenous medicines in order to
    contribute in the long-run to improved health care in
    the regions of study
    - Search for pharmacologically unique principles from
    existing indigenous remedies.
    • Ethnopharmacology investigations
    classically involved traditional healers,
    botanist, anthropologist, chemist and
    pharmacologists
    • Role of Physicians:
    - Ethnopharmacological field work which involves
    interviewing healers, interpreting traditional
    terminologies into their modern counterparts,
    examining patients consuming herbal remedies and
    identifying the disease for which an herbal remedy is
    used
    - Interpretation of signs and symptoms mentioned in
    ancient texts and suggesting proper use of old
    traditional remedies in the light of modern medicine
    - Clinical studies on herbs and their interaction
    with modern medicines
    - Advising pharmacologists to carryout laboratory
    studies on herbs observed during field studies
    - Work in collaboration with local healers to
    strengthen traditional system of medicine in a
    community
    • Physician's involvement in ethnopharmacological
    studies will lead to more reliable information on
    traditional use of medicinal plants both from field
    and ancient texts, more focused and cheaper
    natural product based drug discovery, as well as
    bridge that gap between traditional and modern
    medicine

    • In the study of Aburjai, et.al


    - Collection of information from local population
    concerning the use of regional medicinal plants and
    identified the species used and their relative importance
    • Journal of Ethnopharmacology
    - First formal study was published 1979
    - Research in this field permitted:
    d) documentation of indigenous medical
    knowledge
    e) health care improvement through the scientific
    study of indigenous medicines
    f) search for pharmacologically unique principles
    from existing indigenous remedies
    • Uttara Kannada district
    - 92 traditional medicine practitioners/healers
    were interviewed to collect information on the
    use of herbal treatments
    - Information was also collected on the method
    of preparation, dose and duration along with
    the botanical names, family and local names of
    the medicinal plants
    • In the study of Gazzaneo et.al
    - Performed door-to-door visits in order to identify the local
    people with specialized knowledge on the use of the
    medicinal plants
    - By using the snowball method, the names of other
    specialists were obtained
    - the rural dwellers of the “Tres Ladeiras” community
    helped in collecting the information on the use of the
    medicinal plants and also mediated in identifying the
    specialists to be interviewed in connection to the
    confirmation of the native inhabitants and the specialists
    identified were all living in the community for at least 30
    years
    • In the study of Akerreta, et al
    - For the determination of folk herbalist, the local people of
    the villages and towns helped in locating the
    interviewees. The interviewees are all born or had been
    living in the region for most of their lives. All of the
    chosen local people have no scientific knowledge
    concerning to the medicinal plants that they prescribed.
    505 interviewees were gathered and the information was
    collected using semi-constructed ethnobotanical
    interviews. The selected local people having lived most
    of their lives or born in the region studied. The age
    ranges from 22 to 100 year, the age group from 71-80
    years represented the mean.
    • In 2003, the University of Navarra, Spain
    organized an interdisciplinary research team to
    conduct an ethnobotanical and medical study in
    the Navarre Pyrenees. This area is known both
    for its high biological diversity and its cultural
    significance
    • The study was intended to attain a more
    thorough understanding on the plants used in
    Navarre’s traditional medicine, the principles
    behind their use, their composition, and
    therapeutic use.
    • The objectives of the study included compiling
    an ethnobotanical and medical catalogue of the
    Navarre Pyrenean Region, to conduct a
    quantitative analysis of the results and compare
    it with other ethnobotanical studies of the
    Pyrenees region, and to do a review of the drugs
    within the community through studying the
    monographs published by WHO, ESCOP and
    the E Commission of the German Department of
    Health, institutions responsible for the safety and
    efficacy of medicinal plants, with the purpose of
    assessing the official validity of the
    pharmacology of the Navarre Pyrenees.
    • Ethnobotanical interviews were conducted on
    people who have a knowledge on traditional
    medicine. Data gathering was done through
    individual interviews, as well as group interviews
    in nursing homes. Open and semi-structured
    questions were asked which encouraged the
    spontaneous participation of the interviewees.
    The conversations were recorded with prior
    consent of the participants, and more than one
    interview session took place to confirm the
    identification of some plants
    • Data analysis was done using quantitative
    indexes
    a. Ethnobotonicity Index
    b. Shannon-Wiener's Diversity
    c. Equitability
    d. The Informant Consensus Factor

    • The results of the study showed that the


    ethnobotanical and medical catalogue of the
    Navarre Pyrenees Area comprised of 92
    species. 39 of which were mentioned by at
    least three interviewees.
    • According to WHO, traditional medicine is still
    being used by 80% of the world population as
    part of their health care, especially those in
    developing countries.
    • Many African countries including Tanzania,
    depend on traditional healers who provide
    primary health care by taking care of people
    living with emerging diseases such as HIV/AIDS.
    • However, factors such as poverty, high cost of
    life-enhancing drugs, resistance to conventional
    medicine and the serious side effects associated
    with antiretroviral drugs hindered the utilization
    of conventional therapies
    • It was noted that greater than 60% of the people
    in Tanzania resort to traditional medicines in
    managing various diseases including HIV/AIDS.
    Because of the scarcity of available drugs, the
    people with HIV/AIDS depend on traditional
    health services in controlling the disease.
    • In this study, the researchers used an open-
    ended semi-structured questionnaire to gather
    field information. Analysis of the ethnobotanical
    data collected was done using descriptive
    statistics. They used the factor of informant
    consensus (Fic) to analyze the ethnobotanical
    importance of the plants.
    • 75 plant species belonging to 66 genera and 41
    families utilized them in treating one of HIV/AIDS
    related infections in the district diseases. The
    study unveiled the first detailed account of
    ethnomedical documentation of plants which
    focused on the management of HIV/AIDS
    related infections in the district.
    Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2007
    22.8% - gastrointestinal disorder and parasites
    22.1% - external injuries and parasites
    17.9% - rabies and internal diseases
    - The proportion of remedies used for treatment of
    gastrointestinal related disease are also high in
    most studies conducted in Ethiopia, accounting
    for 35% compared to other type of remedies that
    were compiled as being used against human
    aliments.
    8.3% - swelling and cancer
    6.2% - evil eye and devil sickness
    6.2% - sensorial disease
    4.8% - venereal disease and impotence
    4.1% - 'mich' and febrile diseases
    4.1% - respiratory and throat infection
    3.4% - snake bite
    • The Journal of Ethnopharmacology is dedicated to
    the exchange of information and understandings
    about people’s use of plants, fungi, animals,
    microorganisms and minerals and their biological
    and pharmacological effects based on the principles
    established through international conventions.
    • Early people confronted with illness and disease,
    discovered a wealth of useful therapeutic agents in
    the plant and animal kingdoms. The empirical
    knowledge of these medicinal substances and their
    toxic potential was passed on by oral tradition and
    sometimes recorded in herbals and other texts on
    materia medica.

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