On Psychological Foundation

PSYCHOLOGIC
AL
FOUNDATION
BEHAVIORIST THEORY
The behaviorist theory of curriculum is based on
the belief that learning occurs through the
conditioning of observable behaviors
Learning tends to focus on conditioning or
modifying behavior through reinforcement and
rewards.
IVAN PAVLOV
Pavlov was the first to demonstrate Classical
Conditioning.
He is best known for his experiment with
salivating dogs.
It involves - Eliciting an unconditioned response
by using previously neutral stimuli.
EDWARD
THORNDIKE
Started his research with animals using stimulus-
response (classic conditioning) and developed the
idea of Connectionism.
Defined learning as a connection or association of

an increasing number of habits.
EDWARD
THORNDIKE
Three Major Laws
1. Law of Readiness
2. Law of Exercise
3. Law of Effect
JOHN WATSON
Emphasized that learning was observable or

measurable, not cognitive.
Believed the key to learning was in conditioning a
child from an early age based on Pavlov’s methods
Nurture vs. Nature
B.F. SKINNER
B.F. Skinner was one of the most influential American psychologists.
He began his research with rats at Harvard and pigeons during
WWII.
His work led to the development of the Theory of Operant
Conditioning. The idea that behavior is determined or influenced by
its consequence
Respondent vs. Operant behavior
ALBERT BANDURA
Learning is social by observation, modeling,

imitation
He showed that aggressive behavior can be
learned from watching adults fighting, violent
cartoons or even violent video games. Passive
behavior can also be learned from watching adults
with subdued actions
ROBERT GAGNE
Gagné’s Hierarchy of Learning notes the transition
from behaviorism to cognitive psychology.
The Hierarchy of Learning is an arrangement of 8
behaviors ranging from simple to complex.
He also describes 5 observable and measurable
learning outcomes: Intellectual Skills, Information,
Cognitive Strategies, Motor skills, Attitudes
COGNITIVIST THEORY
The cognitivist theory of curriculum is based on
the belief that learning occurs through mental
processes such as perception, memory, and
problem-solving.
Learning is an active process of constructing
meaning through the interaction of the learner's
existing knowledge and new information.
JEAN
PIAGET
Was a swiss psychologist who is widely regarded as
the founder of cognitive psychology.
Proposed that children actively construct their own
understanding of the world through a process of
assimilation and accommodation.
Piaget's cognitive development theory suggests that
individuals progress through stages of cognitive
development as they age.
STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years old)

• Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 4)
• Concrete operations (ages 7 to 11)
• Formal operations begin at 11-15
LEV
VYGOTSKY
Was a Soviet psychologist who developed the
sociocultural theory of cognitive development
His work has had a significant impact on the
development of collaborative learning approaches
and the design of the curriculum
The zone of proximal development (ZPD)
distance between a student’s performance with
help and performance independently.
JEROME
BRUNER
Bruner's constructivist theory emphasizes the
importance of active learning and problem-solving in
cognitive development.
Three stages of Cognitive Representation: Enactive,
Iconic, and Symbolic Representation
PHENOMENOLO
GY
• The phenomenology theory of curriculum is based

on the belief that learning occurs through personal
experiences and perceptions.
MAURICE MERLEAU-
PONTY
He argued that perception and embodiment are
fundamental to human experience and that these
should be central to the curriculum.
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
He argued that the essence of education is to help

students discover their own being and that this can
be achieved through a process of self-discovery
and reflection.
HANS-GEORG GADAMER
Gadamer's hermeneutic philosophy emphasizes

the importance of interpretation and understanding
in learning.

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PSYCHOLOGIC

Defined learning as a connection or association of

Emphasized that learning was observable or

Learning is social by observation, modeling,

• Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 years old)

• The phenomenology theory of curriculum is based

He argued that the essence of education is to help

Gadamer's hermeneutic philosophy emphasizes

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