Scribd
Upload
12 views

Week3 2

This document discusses important programming concepts like program structure, selection statements, looping statements, and nesting. It provides examples of different types of selection statements like single branch IF statements and multiple branch CASE statements. It also discusses definite and indefinite looping, and how to use BEGIN and END blocks to group statements and allow loops and conditionals to control multiple statements. Overall, it covers fundamental programming concepts for students in an introductory computer programming course.

Uploaded by

manar mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Week3 2

This document discusses important programming concepts like program structure, selection statements, looping statements, and nesting. It provides examples of different types of selection statements like single branch IF statements and multiple branch CASE statements. It also discusses definite and indefinite looping, and how to use BEGIN and END blocks to group statements and allow loops and conditionals to control multiple statements. Overall, it covers fundamental programming concepts for students in an introductory computer programming course.

Uploaded by

manar mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

CMP 131

Introduction to Computer
Programming
Violetta Cavalli-Sforza
Week 3, Lecture 2
Today’s Plan
• Questions
• Quiz (1/2 hour)
• Break (brief)
• Lecture: Important Programming Concepts
Program Structure
• Programs are made up of:
– Program headers
– Declaration statements:
• Name things
• Allocate memory
• Examples:
– Constant Definitions
– Type Definitions
– Variable Declarations
– Executable statements
• Statements that perform actions
Executable Statements
• Assignment statements
• Selection statements
• Looping statements
• ….
Important Structured Programming
Concepts
• Selection
• Repetition/Looping/Iteration
• Sequential execution (stacking)
• Nesting
• Blocks & Compound Statements
(Most high-level PLs provide constructs for
these important structured programming
concepts. Pascal was one of the first PLs
to provide them.)
Selection
• Conditional statements
– Condition controlled execution
– Single branch : IF <condition> THEN
– Two branches :
IF <condition>
THEN <statements>
ELSE <statements>
– Multiple branches:
CASE statement
Selection Examples
• Single branch:
– IF a condition is true THEN perform an action
– The condition is tested once
– The action is performed once
• Examples:
– IF it’s cold THEN wear a coat
– IF a homework is due THEN do it
–…
Selection Examples
• Two branches:
– IF a condition is true
THEN perform an action
ELSE perform a different action
– The condition is tested once
– One of the two actions is performed once
• Examples:
– To take the absolute value of a number:
IF N >= 0 THEN return N ELSE return -N
– IF the time is before noon
THEN say good morning
ELSE say good afternoon
–…
Selection Examples
• Multiple branches:
– The condition is tested once
– Several values of the condition are possible
– Several actions are possible
– One of the actions is performed once
• Examples:
– CASE Score OF
10, 9 : Grade is A
8, 7 : Grade is B
6, 5 : Grade is C
OTHERWISE Grade is F
–…
Repetition / Looping / Iteration
• Fixed / Definite
– Know before entering how many times will repeat loop
body
– While the “how many times” may be a variable:
• Its value is set before entry into the loop
• Its value may not (should not) be changed inside the loop
– FOR loop
• Variable Condition / Indefinite
– Don’t know before entering how many times will
repeat loop body
– Entry into / exit from loop is controlled by a variable
that can be changed inside the loop
– REPEAT…UNTIL : tests condition at end
– WHILE … DO : tests condition at start
Mean of 20 Numbers: Refinement
PROCESSING:
Initialize Sum to 0

Do the following 20 times:


Get a Number
Add it to Sum
Compute Mean as Sum / 20

This is an example of definite looping: You know how


many times you go around the loop when you start.
Mean of N Take 1: Refinement
PROCESSING:
Initialize Sum to 0
Prompt for value of Count
Read value of Count
Do the following Count times:
Prompt for Number
Read Number
Add Number to Sum
Compute Mean as Sum / Count
This is ALSO an example of definite looping :
You know how many times you go around the loop when you start.
Mean of N Numbers (Take 2):
Refinement
PROCESSING:
Initialize Sum to 0
Initialize Count to 0
repeat
Prompt for Number
Read Number
Add Number to Sum
Increment Count by 1
until no more numbers
Compute Mean as Sum / Count
Mean of N (Take 3)
PROCESSING:
Initialize Sum to 0 called a sentinel value
Initialize Count to 0 because it guards the loop

Prompt for Number


Read Number
while Number is not equal to -99999 do:
Add Number to Sum
Increment Count
Prompt for Number
Read Number
Compute Mean as Sum / Count

This is also an example of indefinite looping :


You DO NOT know how many times you go around the loop until you
Stacking
• Two meanings:
– sequential execution vs. nested execution
• one statement/block of code after the other, vs.
• one statement/block of code inside the other
– a way of storing and retrieving data:
• Last-In First-Out (LIFO) regime
• Used in a certain style of processor architecture
(stack machines)
• Used for memory management at runtime with
procedure and function calls.
• Used for certain types of applications (e.g. search)
Nesting
• A block of code is visually placed inside
another block of code AND
• The execution of the internal block of code
is controlled by the execution of the
external block of code.
• Ex.
Do the following 20 times:
Get a Number
Add it to Sum
PROGRAM Silly (output);

CONST Name = 'George';


Age = 26;

VAR J, Sum : integer;

BEGIN
Sum := 0;
FOR J := 1 TO 10 DO
Sum := Sum + J;
writeln ('My name is ':28, Name);
writeln ('My age is ':27, Age);
writeln;
writeln ('The sum is ':28, Sum)
END.
PROGRAM Silly (output);

CONST Name = 'George';


Age = 26;

VAR J, Sum : integer;

BEGIN
Sum := 0;
FOR J := 1 TO 10 DO
Sum := Sum + J;
writeln ('My name is ':28, Name);
writeln ('My age is ':27, Age);
writeln;
writeln ('The sum is ':28, Sum)
END.
Blocks of Code
• Most statements like FOR, IF, etc.. control only
one other statement:
– What do I mean by that?
• To make them control multiple statements, you
need to enclose those statements in a
bracketing mechanism: BEGIN … END.
• BEGIN … END
– essentially says: treat all my contents as if they were
a single complex statement
– creates a compound statement

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy