GLOBAL

MIGRATION

Lesson Final Period

Prepared by: Sir Riki
 LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, you should be
able to:
🞭Identify the reasons for the migration of
people;
🞭Explain why States regulate migration; and
🞭Discuss the effect of Global migration on
the Economic well-being of state
❖ This lesson will look at global migration and its impact
on both the sending and receiving countries. Although
we will cite numerous challenges relating to migration,
migration should not be considered a “PROBLEM.”
There is nothing moral or immoral about moving from
one country to another. Human beings have always been
migratory. It is the results of their movements that areas
get populated, communities experience diversity, and
economist prosper. Thus, rather than looking at
migration in terms of simplistic good VS bad lens, treat
it as a complex social phenomenon that even predates
contemporary globalization.
WHAT IS MIGRATION?
There are two types of migration:

1. Internal migration
🞭This refers to people moving from one area
to another within one country.
2. International migration,
🞭In which people cross borders of one country
to another.
INTERNAL MIGRATION INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION

WHAT IS MIGRATION?
 THE LATTER CAN BE FURTHER BROKEN DOWN INTO FIVE GROUPS

1. First are those who can move permanently to another country

(immigrants).
2. Second refers to workers who stay in another country for fixed
period (at least 6 months in a year).
3. Third is Illegal immigrants
4. Fourth are migrants whose families have “petitioned” them to
move to the destination country.
5. Fifth group are refugees (also known as asylum-seekers)
EXAMPLES:
❖ those “unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear
of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership
in a particular social group, or political opinion.”
⮚ DEMOGRAPHERS estimate
that 247 million people are
currently living outside the
countries of their birth. Ninety
percent of them moved for
economic reasons while
remaining 10 percent were
refugees and asylum-seekers.
DEMOGRAPHERS
THE TOP THREE REGIONS OF
ORIGIN
1.Latin America (18 percent of
global total)
2.Eastern Europe and Central Asia
(16 percent)
3.Middle East and north Africa
(14 percent).
⮚ On a per country basis, India,
Mexico and China are leading with
Philippines, together with
Afghanistan, only ranking 6th in
the world. The top ten country
destinations of these migrants are
mainly in the west and the Middle
East, with the United States
topping the list.
⮚ Fifty percent of global
migrants have moved from
the developing country to
developed zone of the
world and contribute
anywhere from 40 to 80
percent of their labor force.
⮚ Their growth has outstripped the
population growth in the developed
countries (3 percent versus only 0.6
percent), such that today, according to
the THINK-TANK Mckinsey global
institute, “First-generation
immigrants constitute 13 percent of
the population in Western Europe, 15
percent in North America, and 48
percent in the GCC countries.”
MCKINSE THINK-TANK
MCKINSEY GLOBAL
Y INSTITUTE
⮚The majority of migrants remain
in the cities. The percentages of
migrants in cities are 92 and 99
percent in Australia. Once settled,
they contribute enormously to
raising the productivity of their
host countries (table 1).
 TABLE 1
MIGRANT CONTRIBUTION TO DESTINATION COUNTRY, IN DOLLARS AND AS
PERCENTAGE OF NATIONAL GDP, 2015

COUNTRY CONTRIBUTION PERCENTAGE OF GDP

United States $2 trillion 11 percent

Germany $550 billion 17 percent

United Kingdom $390 billion 14 percent

Australia $330 billion 25 percent

Canada $320 billion 21 percent

⮚The migrant influx has led to a debate in
destination countries over the issue of
whether migrants are assets or liabilities to
national development. Anti-immigrant
groups and nationalists argue that
governments must control legal immigration
and put a stop illegal entry of foreigners.
Many of these anti-immigrant groups are
gaining influence through political leaders
who share their beliefs.
⮚Examples include US president Donald
Trump and UK Prime Minister Theresa
May, who have been reversing the existing
pro-immigration and refugee-sympathetic
policies of their states. Most recently, Trump
attempted to ban travel into the United States
of people from majority-Muslim countries,
even those with proper documentation. He
also continues to speak about his election
promise of building a wall between the
United States and Mexico.
US PRESIDENT UK PRIME
DONALD MINISTER
TRUMP THERESA MAY
⮚The wisdom of this government action
has been consistently belied by the data.
A 2011 Harvard Business School
Survey on the impact of immigration
concluded that the “likelihood and
magnitude of adverse labor market
effects for native from immigration
our substantially weaker than often
perceived.”
EMPLOYMENT AND 2011 HARVARD
WAGE IMPACTS ON BUSINESS SCHOOL
IMMIGRATION SURVEY
The fiscal impact of immigration on
social welfare was noted to be “very
small.” Furthermore, the 2013 report
on government welfare spending by
Organization for Economic
cooperation and Development
(OECD) clearly shows that native/born
citizens steal receive higher support to
immigrants.
ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)
The massive inflow of refugees from
Syria and Iraq has raised alarm bells
once again, but has not proved to be as
damaging as expected. The
International Monetary Fund
predicted that the flow of refugees
fleeing the war in Syria and Iraq would
actually grow Europe’s GDP, albeit
“MODESTLY”.
⮚In Germany, the inflow of
refugees from the Middle East
has not affected social welfare
programs, and had a very little
impact on wage and
employment. In fact, they have
brought much-needed labor to
the economy instead.
BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS FROM THE SENDING COUNTRIES

🞭 Even if 90 percent of the value generated

by migrant’s workers remains in their host
countries, they have sent billions back to
their home countries (In 2014, their
remittances totaled $580 billion),
followed by China ($62 billion), the
Philippines ($28 billion), and Mexico
($25 billion).
⮚These remittances make significant
contribution to the development of small-
and medium-term industries that helps
generate jobs. Remittances likewise change
the economic and social standing of
migrants, as new consumer goods. The
purchasing power of migrant’s family
doubles and make it possible for children to
start or continue their schooling.
⮚Yet, there remain serious concerns about
the economic sustainability of those reliant
on migrant’s monies. The Asian
Development Bank (ADB) observes that in
countries like Philippines, remittances “Do
not have a significant influence on other
key items of consumption or investment
such as spending on education and
healthcare.”
⮚ Remittances, therefore,
may help in lifting
“Households out of
poverty…but not in
rebalancing growth,
especially in the long
run.”
⮚ More importantly, global migration is “Siphoning…
qualified personnel, [and] removing dynamic young
workers.” This process has often been referred to as
“BRAIN DRAIN.” According again to MCKINSEY
GLOBAL INSTITUTE, countries in sub-Saharan Africa
and Asia have lost one-third of their college graduates.
Sixty percent of those who moved to OECD
destinations were college graduates, compared to just 9
percent of the overall population in the country. Fifty-
two percent of Filipinos who leave for work in the
developed world have tertiary education, which is more
than double the 23 percent of the overall Filipino
population.
BRAIN DRAIN
⮚Furthermore, the loss of professionals in
certain key roles, such as Doctors, has been
detrimental to the migrants’ home countries.
In 2006, some 15 percent of locally trained
doctors from 21 Sub-Saharan African
countries had immigrated to the United
States or Canada; the losses were
particularly steep in Liberia (where 43
percent of doctors left), Ghana (30
percent), and Uganda (20 percent).
⮚Governments are Aware of this
long-term handicap, but have no
choice but to continue promoting
migrants work as part of state
policy because of the
remittances’ impact on GDP.
⮚They are equally “concerned with generating jobs
for an under-utilized work force and in getting
the maximum possible inflow of worker
remittances.” Governments are thus actively
involved in the recruitment and deployment of
works, some of them setting up special departments
like the Bureau of Manpower, Employment and
Training in Bangladesh; the Office of the
Protector of emigrants within the Indian Labor
Ministry; and the Philippine Overseas
Employment Agency (POEA). The sustainability of
migrants-dependent economies will partially depend
on the strength of these institutions.
BUREAU OF MANPOWER, EMPLOYMENT AND
TRAINING IN BANGLADESH
 THE PROBLEM OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

⮚On top of the issue of brain drain,

sending states must likewise protect
migrants’ workers. The United States
Federal Bureau of Investigations list
human trafficking as the third largest
criminal activity worldwide.
THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL BUREAU OF
INVESTIGATIONS
⮚ In 2012, the International Labor
Organization (ILO) identified 21 million
men, women, and children as victims of
“Force labor,” an appalling three out every
1,000 persons worldwide. Ninety percent of
the victims “18.7 million” are exploited by
private enterprises and entrepreneur; 22
percent (4.5 million) are sexually abuse; and
68 percent (14.2 million) worker under
compulsion in agricultural, manufacturing,
infrastructure, and domestic activities.
INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION (ILO)
⮚ Human trafficking has been very
profitable, earning syndicates,
smugglers, and corrupts state official
profits of as high as $150 billion a
year in 2014. Governments, the
private sector, and civil society
groups have worked together to
combat human trafficking, yet the
results remain uneven.
 INTEGRATION
🞭A final issue relates to how migrants
interact with their new home countries.
They may contribute significantly to a host
nation’s GDP, but their access to housing,
health care, and education is not easy.
There is, of course, considerable variation
in the economic integration of migrants.
⮚ Migrants from China, India,
and Western Europe often
have more success, while
those from the Middle East,
North Africa and sub-
Saharan Africa face greater
challenges in securing jobs.
⮚In the United States and
Singapore, there are blue-collar as
well as white-collar Filipino
workers (Doctors, engineers, even
corporate executive), and it is the
professional, white-collar workers
that have often times been easier to
integrate.
BLUE-COLLAR AND WHITE-COLLAR WORKERS
⮚ Democratic States assimilate
immigrants and their children by
granting them citizenship and the
rights that go with it (especially
public education). However,
without a solid support from their
citizens, switching citizenship
may just be a formality.
⮚Linguistic difficulty, customs from the “old
country and, of late, differing religions may create
cleavages between migrants and citizens of
receiving countries, particularly in the West. The
latter accuse migrants of bringing in the culture
from their home countries and amplifying
differences in linguistic and ethnic customs.
Crucially, the lack of integration gives xenophobic
and anti-immigrant groups more ammunition to
argue that this “new citizens” are often not
nationals (in the sense of sharing the dominant
culture).”
LINGUISTIC FACTORS PRESENTATION
⮚Migrants unwittingly reinforce the
tension by “keeping among
themselves.” The first-time migrant’s
anxiety at coming into a new and
often “strange” place is mitigated by
“local networks of fellow citizens”
that serves as a migrant’s safety net
from the dislocation of uprooting
oneself.
⮚The Chinese consolidated Benevolent
Association of California provides initial
support for new Chinese migrants, guiding
them in finding work or in setting up their
small businesses (restaurant and
laundromats) in the state and elsewhere the
drawback of these networks is that instead
of facilitating integration, they exacerbate
differences and discrimination.
⮚Governments and private
businesses have made policy
changes to address integration
problems, like using multiple
languages in state documents (In
the case of United States,
Spanish and English).
⮚Training programs complimented with
counseling have also helped migrant’s
integration in Hamburg, Germany,
while retail merchants in Barcelona have
brought in migrants shopkeepers to break
down language barrier while introducing
Chinese culture to citizens. Whether these
initiatives will succeed or not remains an
open question.
 CONCLUSION
⮚ Global migration entails the
globalization of people. And like
the broader globalization
process, it is uneven. Some
migrants experience their
movement as liberating process.
GLOBAL MIGRATION
⮚A highly educated professional
may find moving to another
country financially rewarding. At
the other hand, a victim of sex
trafficking may view the process
of migration as dislocating and
disempowering.
⮚Like globalization, moreover,
migration produces different
and often contradictory
responses. On the other hand,
many richer states know that
migrant labor will beneficial for
their economies.
⮚ With their aging
population, Japan and
Germany will need
workers from
demographically young
countries like the
Philippines.
⮚Similarly, as working population in their
countries like the United State move to more
skilled careers, their economies will require
migrants to work jobs that their local workers
are beginning to reject. And yet, despites this
benefit, developed countries continues to
excessively limit and restrict migrant labor.
They do so for numerous factors already
mentioned. Someone to preserve what they
perceive as local culture by shielding it from
newcomers.
⮚ Others state use migrants
as scapegoat, blaming
them for economic woes
that are, in reality, cause by
government policy and not
by foreigner.
⮚Yet, despite these various contradictions, it is clear
those different forms of global interdependence will
ensure that global migration will continue to be
one of the major issue in the contemporary world.
Countries whose economies have become entirely
dependent on globalization and relay on foreign labor
to continue growing (E.G., Singapore, Saudi
Arabia, and even protectionist Japan) will actively
court foreign workers. Likewise, countries like the
Philippines with an abundance of labor and a need
for remittances will continue to send these workers.
⮚Hence, it is inevitable that countries
will have to open up again to prevent
their economies from stagnating or
even collapsing. The various responses
to these movement xenophobia and
extreme nationalism in the receiving
countries; dependency in descending
countries-will continue to be pressing
issues.
End of Slides

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