Power 4

Faculty of Technology and Community
Development
(Telecommunications Dept.)
Power Electronics
Lecture (4)
Prepared by:
T: Maha Guma.
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INVERTERS: CONVERTING DC to AC
Introduction
Inverters are widely used in industrial applications such as for induction motor
drives, traction, induction heating, standby power supplies and uninterruptible ac
power supplies. An inverter performs the inverse process of a rectifier. It converts
DC power into AC power at a desired output voltage or current and frequency. The
input source of the inverters can be battery, fuel cell, solar cell or other types of dc
source. The output voltage may be non-sinusoidal but can be made close to
sinusoidal waveform. The general block diagram of an inverter is shown in Figure
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The inverters can be classified into three categories there are
1. voltage source inverters,
2. current source inverters
3. current regulated inverters.
The voltage source inverter is the most commonly used type of inverter. The AC that it provides
on the output side functions as a voltage source. The input DC voltage may be from the rectified
output of an AC power supply or an independent source such as battery, which is called a ‘DC
link’ inverter. On the other hand, the current source inverter, the output side is functions as AC
current source. This type is also has a DC link inverter but its functions like a DC current source.
Figure 3.2(a) and Figure 3.2(b) show the block diagram of voltage source inverter and current
source inverter respectively. www.mashreq.edu.sd
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Basic Principles
An AC output is synthesized from a DC input by closing and

opening the switches in an appropriate sequence. The output
voltage Vo can be +Vdc and –Vdc depending on which switches
are closed. Figure 3.4 shows the equivalent circuits of switch
combination in opened and closed position and its square-wave
output waveforms.
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Single-phase Half-bridge Square-wave
Inverter
The half-bridge inverter is constructed with two equal capacitors connected in

series across the dc input source and their junction is at a midpoint or centre point
G. The number of switches or called as ‘inverter leg’ for half bridge inverter is
reduced to one leg which only consists of two switches. The voltage across of each
capacitor has a value of VDC/2. When the switch S1 is closed, the load voltage is
VDC/2 and when S2 is closed, the load voltage is – VDC/2. The basic single-phase
half-bridge inverter circuit and its output waveform are shown in next Figure.
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The total RMS value of the load output voltage,
And the instantaneous output voltage is
The fundamental rms output voltage is
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In the case of RL load, the instantaneous load current io can be determined by
dividing the instantaneous output voltage with the load impedance Z = R +jωL.
Thus,
The fundamental output power is
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The total harmonic distortion (THD)
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Example
The single-phase half-bridge inverter has a resistive load of R = 2.4Ω and the DC
input voltage is 48V. Determine:
(a) the rms output voltage at the fundamental frequency
(b) the output power
(c) the average and peak current of each transistor.
(d) The THD
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Solution
VDC = 48V and R = 2.4Ω

(a) The fundamental rms output voltage, Vo1 = 0.45VDC = 0.45x48 = 21.6V
(b) For single-phase half-bridge inverter, the output voltage Vo = VDC/2
Thus, the output power,
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(c) The transistor current Ip = 24/2.4 = 10 A
Because each of the transistor conducts for a 50% duty cycle, the average current
of each transistor is IQ = 10/2 = 5 A.
(d)
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Single-phase Full-bridge Square-wave
inverter
A single-phase full-bridge inverter circuit is built from two half-bridge leg which consists of four
choppers as depicted in Figure. The switching in the second leg is delayed by 180 degrees from the
first leg. With the same dc input voltage, the maximum output voltage of this inverter is twice that
of half-bridge inverter.
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The output RMS voltage
And the instantaneous output voltage in a Fourier series is
The fundamental RMS output voltage,
In the case of RL load, the instantaneous load current is
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Example
A single-phase full-bridge inverter with VDC = 230 and consist of RLC in series.
If R = 1.2Ω, ωL = 8 Ω and 1/ωC = 7 Ω, find:
(a) The amplitude of fundamental rms output current, io1
(b) The fundamental component of output current in function of time.
(c) The power delivered to the load due to the fundamental component.
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Solution
a) The fundamental output voltage
The rms value of fundamental current is
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b) The fundamental component of output current in function of time is
C) Power delivered to the load
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Example
A single-phase full-bridge inverter has an RLC load with R = 10Ω, L = 31.5mH

and C = 112μF. The inverter frequency is 60Hz and the DC input voltage is 220V.
Determine:
(a) Express the instantaneous load current in Fourier series.
(b) Calculate the rms load current at the fundamental frequency.
(c) the THD of load current
(d) Power absorbed by the load and fundamental power.
(e) The average DC supply current and
(f) the rms and peak supply current of each transistor www.mashreq.edu.sd
Solution
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Faculty of Technology and Community

An AC output is synthesized from a DC input by closing and

The half-bridge inverter is constructed with two equal capacitors connected in

And the instantaneous output voltage is

The fundamental rms output voltage is

The fundamental output power is

VDC = 48V and R = 2.4Ω

And the instantaneous output voltage in a Fourier series is

The fundamental RMS output voltage,

In the case of RL load, the instantaneous load current is

a) The fundamental output voltage

The rms value of fundamental current is

C) Power delivered to the load

A single-phase full-bridge inverter has an RLC load with R = 10Ω, L = 31.5mH

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