Hygienic and Sanitary

Practices for Food

Catering Businesses –
Advance Level
Module 4

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 Introduction
Operational Part of Relevant
S. No. Heading
Flow Schedule 4 Section

Good Food Hygiene Practices -

Part 5 Section 2.3 Cooking
Production
4 Good Food Hygiene Practices -
Part 5 Section 2.4 Chilling

Special Requirement of High Risk

Part 5 Section 6 Foods

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Cooking

The preparation/ processing/ cooking –

-should be adequate to eliminate and reduce hazards to an acceptable level
-should ensure that the foods are not re- contaminated.
-of veg. & non-veg. products should be segregated.
-make sure that food is cooked thoroughly.
-the internal temperature must reach a minimum internal temperature of 75⁰ C

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4
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5
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Cooking
Since harmful contaminants can't be seen, smelled or tasted, it's important
that you cook your food to a safe internal cooking temperature to avoid food
poisoning. Checking the temperature of your cooked meat, poultry, and
seafood with a food thermometer is the only reliable way to make sure your
food has reached a safe internal cooking temperature.

Remove your food from the heat and insert the digital food thermometer
through the thickest part of the meat, all the way to the middle.

Make sure that the thermometer is not touching any bones, since they
heat up more quickly than the meat and could give you a false reading.

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Checking internal temperature of cooked food

Thermometer inserted correctly – Thermometer is inserted Thermometer is not inserted

halfway through and in the centre too deep deep enough

Thermometer is not inserted Record the correct

In the centre internal temperature
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S. Minimum Internal
Food Products
No. Cooking Temperature
1 Poultry(whole or ground chicken, turkey) 75˚C for 2 minutes
2 Stuffing/Stuffed Meats 75˚C for 2 minutes
3 When including previously cooked, potentially hazardous
ingredients in the dish 75˚C for 2 minutes
4 When including raw potentially hazardous ingredients in the
dish 75˚C for 2 minutes
5 Ground Meats(pork, other meat or fish) 75˚C for 2 minutes
6 Pork, Tender Loin, Veal, Lamb Steaks/Chops 75˚C for 2 minutes
7 Pork, Tender Loin, Veal, Lamb Roasts 75˚C for 2 minutes
8 Fish 75˚C for 2 minutes
9 Shell Eggs For Immediate Service 75˚C for 2 minutes
10 Shell Eggs That Will Be Hot-Held 75˚C for 2 minutes
11 Fruit or Vegetables That Will Be Hot-Held for Service 75˚C for 2 minutes
12 Commercially Processed, Ready-to-Eat Food That Will Be Hot-
held for Service (Includes cheese sticks, deep-fried 75˚C for 2 minutes
vegetables, chicken wings, etc.)
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Cooking

Reheating of food -
-Food hot held at 60⁰ C and cooled at 21⁰ C within 2 hrs or cooled to 5⁰ C
in 4 hours and thereafter refrigerated might be reheated (intend is to store
the food in cold room at 1 to 5⁰ C or freeze at -18⁰ C).
-Reheated food must reach a minimum internal temperature of 74⁰ C.
-When using microwave to reheat, food must reach a minimum temperature of
74⁰ C and stayed covered for 5 mins to allow the temperature to equilibrate.
-Reheat food quickly in ovens, steamer, microwave oven and/or on top of range
in a steam kettle.
-Never reheat food on a steam table, in a bain marie, in a bun drawer and/or
under a heat lamp (Explanatory note – risk of product not acquiring 74⁰C &
above is high)

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Reheating of food

- Use an appropriate heat source

- If reheating previously cooked and frozen food it must be safely and fully
thawed.
- Reheat the food to a core temperature of 74⁰C or above and hold for 2
minutes.
- Check the core temperature of the food whether it reaches to 74⁰C or not.
- Holding temperature for re heated food is to be 60⁰C or more.
- Discard food that has been reheated if unused

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Chilling

-Semi cooked or cooked dishes and other ready-to-eat foods having short shelf life
should not be left standing at room temperature
-Chilled food intended for consumption should be cold enough.
-Food items that need to be chilled should be put straight away into the fridge.
-Cooked food should be cooled as quickly as possible and then put it in the fridge.
-Chilled food should be processed in the shortest time possible.
-Fridge and display units should be set at 5⁰ C to make sure that food is kept in
chilled condition.
-fridge and display units should be maintained in good working condition to avoid
food spoilage and contamination.

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Chilling
Microorganisms grow well in the temperature danger zone, i.e. 60⁰ C to 5⁰ C.
Within this range, temperatures between 51 ⁰ C to 21⁰ C allow for the most rapid
growth of microorganisms. For this reason food must pass through this range
quickly.

The 2-stage cooling method is –

•from 60⁰ C to 21⁰ C with two hours; and
•from 21⁰ C to 5⁰ C or below within four hours.

The initial 2-hour cool is the most critical time period since the food is passing
through the temperature range that supports the most rapid microorganism
growth. If food has not reached 21⁰ C within two hours, it must be reheated to
74⁰ C for 2 minutes and then cooled again or thrown away.

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Best Practices for Cooling Food –

Food needs help cooling down quickly; it can’t do it on its own. Factors that affect
how quickly foods will cool down include:
Size of the food item being cooled — the thickness of the food or distance to its
center plays the biggest part in how fast a food cools.
Density of the food — the denser the food, the slower it will cool. For example,
chili will take longer than chicken noodle soup.
Container in which a food is stored — stainless steel transfers heat from foods
faster than plastic. Initially loosely wrap food items.
Size of container — shallow pans with product depth less than two inches allow
the heat from food to disperse faster than deep pans.

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Chilling
Food does not move through the temperature danger zone fast enough if the
food is still hot when placed in the cooler or freezer or kept in bulk. Placing hot
food in a cooler may raise the temperature of everything being held and may put
it in the temperature danger zone.

Start by reducing the size or mass of food by cutting large food items into
smaller pieces and dividing large containers into smaller containers.

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Chilling
Approved and efficient ways to cool food include -
Ice-water bath and frequently stirring the food for faster and more even cooling
Ice paddles (plastic container filled with water and frozen) used to stir food in an
ice-water bath (made from potable water)
Adding ice as an ingredient (if water is an ingredient)
Blast or tumble chiller
When placed in cooling or cold holding equipment, food containers in which
food is being cooled can be loosely covered or uncovered if protected from
overhead contamination, to facilitate heat transfer from the surface of the food.

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Chilling Methods
-food.
Ice bath

Shallow pans

Refrigerate

Stirring

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Chilling

Fridge and display units should be set at 5⁰ C to make sure that food is
kept in chilled condition.
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Ensure proper
temperature is
maintained in chiller,
cold room/freezer, deep
storage and record the
temp. from display unit

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Special Requirements for High Risk Foods

1.Cut fruits/salads, fresh juices and beverages

2.Fresh fruits /vegetables cut or juiced should be used immediately.
3.Storage should be only under refrigeration in sanitized and properly covered
vessels for short period.
4.Portable water should be used for making beverages, ice etc.
5.Food or beverages should not be stored in the same container used to store the
ice intended for consumption.
6.Juice concentrates must be checked regularly for any fungal growth / change of
colour, odour or gas formation in the bottle.
7.Juice dispensing machine should be cleaned and rinsed with water (intend
potable water) regularly.

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Special Requirements for High Risk Foods

2. Confectionery products
(1)Prepared confectionery products should be kept in airtight containers and
displayed hygienically.
(2)Cream to be used should be stored covered under refrigeration.
(3)Finished products should be refrigerated with proper labels indicating date of
expiry.
(4)Products should be properly wrapped/ packaged after proper cooling.

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Special Requirements for High Risk Foods

3. Meat, poultry & fish products

(1)Non veg. products/raw materials should be purchased from licensed slaughter
houses.
(2)Chilled products temperature should be at or below 5⁰ C and frozen products at
or below -18⁰ C
(3)Processing area should be cleaned and disinfected promptly.
(4)Preparation and processing of meat, poultry and marine products should be
separate.
(5)Non-veg. products are washed with potable water before use.
(6)Non-veg. products are cooked thoroughly (core temperature 75⁰ C) for at least
15 seconds or an effective time/temperature control e.g. 65⁰ C
for 10 minutes, 70⁰ C for 2 minutes.

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Special Requirements for High Risk Foods

4. Water based chutneys, sauces etc.

(1)All fruits/vegetables should be washed (intend washed & sanitize) properly

before processing.
(2)Clean and disinfected chopping boards/grinding stone/machine should be
used.
(3)Only permitted food additives should be used, if required, and be added in
recommended quantities only.
(4) Water used in the chutneys should be safe and potable.
(5) Perishable/uncooked chutneys should be consumed immediately.
(1)Spoiled products should be discarded immediately after confirmation of
spoilage (change in colour/texture/ odour).
(7) Sauces and chutneys should be stored in a refrigerator in a clean and intact
glass/food grade plastic containers with proper lids.

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Special Requirements for High Risk Foods
5. Foods transported to point of sale from the point of cooking

(1) Food should be reheated more than 74⁰ C before consumption.

(2) Food should be consumed or served for consumption within 4 hours of
reheating.

6. Foods with Gravy

(1)Food products should not be stored at room temperature for more than 2
hours during display or sale.
•For prolonged (intend primarily for short duration display or holding for 2 hours)
storage, foods should be stored in refrigerators or kept for
hot holding at or above 60⁰ C
(3) No water should be added after cooking/reheating/boiling.
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7. Fried Foods
(1)Good quality / branded oils/fats should be used for food preparation, frying
etc.
(2) Use packaged oil only.
(3) Use of oils with high trans fats (like vanaspati) should be avoided as far as
possible.
•Re-use of cooking oil should be avoided. In case of reheating of oil use
maximum three times to avoid the formation of trans fat.

8. Adding ingredients after cooking

•Ingredients (Intend garnish) added to the cooked food should be thoroughly
washed (intend washed and sanitized)/ cleaned.
(2) After cooking or post cooked mixing, the food should be used immediately.
•Garnishes(Intend leafy garnishes) etc., if added, should be prepared using fresh,
thoroughly washed and freshly cut vegetables and used immediately.
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Reuse of cooked food is not recommended.
(1) Potentially hazardous foods and high risk foods such as hollandaise sauce,
refried beans, scrambled eggs and cut fruits are to be discarded.
(2) All food at banquet setting that has been on display are to be discarded.
(3)Food kept at more than 60⁰ C during service may be reused, only by following
the procedure indicated below:
- never mix leftover with fresh product. If in doubt, throw out (intend
discard) the product.
- reheat leftover food temperature to more than 74⁰ C

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Important Time & Temperature in catering industry

S. No. Activity Temperature Time

1 Receiving temperature of At or below 5⁰ C
potentially high risk food
2 Receiving temperature of frozen At or below -18⁰ C
food should be -18⁰ C or below.

3 Temp. of water for washing 43⁰ C

utensils
4 Minimum Core temp. of cooked 75⁰ C Minimum
food 2 min
5 Thaw food in refrigerator 1⁰ C to 5⁰ C
6 Thaw food in running water At or below 15⁰ C Maximum 90 min

7 Reheating food 74⁰ C Minimum

5 mins
8 Reheating done in microwave At or above 75⁰ C Minimum
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5 mins
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Important Time & Temperature in catering industry

S. No. Activity Temperature Time

8 Chilling food At or below 5⁰ C

9 Freezing food At or below -18⁰ C

10 Cooling food from 60⁰ C to 21⁰ C with two hours

from 21⁰ C to 5⁰ C within four hours
11 Hot holding food display At or above 60⁰ C 2 hours

12 Cold holding food display At or below 5⁰ C 2 hours

13 Dish wash machine pre rinse 60 ⁰ C approx

temperature
14 Dish wash machine final 77 ⁰ C approx
rinse temperature
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