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    Seismic Waves and Trianguation Method

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    glam glitz
    Seismic waves are energy waves caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the Earth or explosions. There are two main types of body waves - P waves and S waves. P waves are faster primary waves that can travel through solids and liquids, while S waves are slower secondary waves that move as shear waves and can only travel through solids. There are also two main types of surface waves - Love waves and Rayleigh waves. Love waves cause side-to-side motions while Rayleigh waves cause up-and-down and side-to-side rolling motions. The triangulation method uses timing differences between P and S wave arrivals at three seismic stations to locate an earthquake's epicenter where the distance circles intersect.

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    Seismic Waves and Trianguation Method

    Uploaded by

    glam glitz
    23 views22 pages
    Seismic waves are energy waves caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the Earth or explosions. There are two main types of body waves - P waves and S waves. P waves are faster primary waves that can travel through solids and liquids, while S waves are slower secondary waves that move as shear waves and can only travel through solids. There are also two main types of surface waves - Love waves and Rayleigh waves. Love waves cause side-to-side motions while Rayleigh waves cause up-and-down and side-to-side rolling motions. The triangulation method uses timing differences between P and S wave arrivals at three seismic stations to locate an earthquake's epicenter where the distance circles intersect.

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    Seismic waves are energy waves caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the Earth or explosions. There are two main types of body waves - P waves and S waves. P waves are faster primary waves that can travel through solids and liquids, while S waves are slower secondary waves that move as shear waves and can only travel through solids. There are also two main types of surface waves - Love waves and Rayleigh waves. Love waves cause side-to-side motions while Rayleigh waves cause up-and-down and side-to-side rolling motions. The triangulation method uses timing differences between P and S wave arrivals at three seismic stations to locate an earthquake's epicenter where the distance circles intersect.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views22 pages

    Seismic Waves and Trianguation Method

    Uploaded by

    glam glitz
    Seismic waves are energy waves caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the Earth or explosions. There are two main types of body waves - P waves and S waves. P waves are faster primary waves that can travel through solids and liquids, while S waves are slower secondary waves that move as shear waves and can only travel through solids. There are also two main types of surface waves - Love waves and Rayleigh waves. Love waves cause side-to-side motions while Rayleigh waves cause up-and-down and side-to-side rolling motions. The triangulation method uses timing differences between P and S wave arrivals at three seismic stations to locate an earthquake's epicenter where the distance circles intersect.

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    What are seismic

    waves?
    Seismic waves are the waves of
    energy caused by the sudden
    breaking of rock within the earth or
    an explosion. They are the energy
    that travels through the earth and
    is recorded on seismographs.
    Types of Seismic waves
    Types of Seismic waves
    Body Waves
    P Waves – PRIMARY WAVES
    (compression wave)
    P wave or primary wave is the fastest kind
    of seismic wave.
     It travels faster than S waves, it reaches
    the detector first that is why it is called
    primary wave.
     P wave can move through solid rock and
    fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the
    earth.
     It forces the ground to move backward and
    forward as they compressed and expanded
    Body Waves
    S wave SECONDARY WAVES
    (transverse wave)
    S wave or secondary wave is the second
    wave you feel in an earthquake.
    it move as shear or transverse waves and
    forces the ground to sway from side to
    side, in rolling motion that shakes the
    ground back and forth perpendicular to
    the direction of the wave.
    S wave can only move through solid
    rock.
    Surface Waves
    Love Waves
    Lovewave was named after A.E.H. Love, a British mathematician who
    worked out the mathematical model for this kind of wave in 1911.
    It's
    the fastest surface wave and moves the ground in a side-to-side
    horizontal motion like that of a snake causing the ground to twist.
    it causes the most damage to structures during an earthquake.
    Surface Waves
    Rayleigh Waves
    Rayleigh
    wave was named after John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who
    mathematically predicted the existence of this kind of wave in 1885.
    Rayleighwave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an
    ocean. since it rolls, it moves the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the
    same direction that the wave is moving.
    Mostof the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which
    can be much larger than the other waves.
    “There are no P-
    waves or S-waves
    received in the P-
    wave shadow zone
    because P-waves
    are refracted and
    S-waves are
    absorbed by earth's
    outer core”.
    Andrija Mohorovicic- a Yugoslavian
    seismologist who found out that the velocity of
    seismic waves changes and increases at a distance
    of 50 km below the earth's surface. this led to the
    idea that there is a difference in density between
    the crust and the mantle.
    the boundary between the crust and the mantle is
    called Mohorovicic discontinuity or Moho.
    Beno Guttenberg- a German seismologist proves
    the existence of a shadow zone could only be
    explained if the earth contained a core composed of
    a different material than that of the mantle causing
    the bending of the P-waves
    Guttenberg discontinuity- the boundary
    between the mantle and the core.
    Inge Lehmann- a Danish seismologist who
    predicted the innermost layer of the earth. He
    discovered a new region of seismic reflection within
    the core. so the earth has a core within a core.
    The size of the earth's inner core was accurately
    calculated through nuclear underground test
    conducted in Nevada. Echoes from seismic waves
    provided accurate data in determining its size.
    Crust - 40 km
    Mantle - 2900 km
    Outer core - 2200 km
    Inner core - 1278 km
    RED lines shows the PLATE Boundaries
    What is Triangulation Method?
    Triangulation method is used by scientist to find the
    epicenter of an earthquake.
    In order to locate the epicenter of an earthquake, you need to
    determine the time interval between the arrival of the P and S
    waves on the seismograms from at least 3 different stations. You
    have to measure the interval in the closest second and then use a
    graph to convert the S-P interval to the epicentral distance.
    Once you have your epicentral distance, you can draw circles to
    represent each distance on the map. The radius of each circle
    corresponds to the epicentral distance from each seismic recording
    station. Once you have drawn all 3 circles and located the point
    where all 3 intersect. You have successfully located (triangulated)
    the epicenter of the earthquake.
    The diagram shows triangulation method, based
    from the diagram below where is the epicenter of
    an earthquake?

    The epicenter of
    an earthquake is
    the point where
    the three circles
    intersect!!!

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