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    Solid State Chemistry

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    Vatika Goel
    This document discusses different types of solids and their structures. It describes crystalline solids as having ordered, repeating structures, while amorphous solids lack well-defined structures. The smallest repeating unit in a crystal is the unit cell, which stacks together to form the crystal lattice. Common unit cell types include primitive cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic. The document also discusses crystal structures like FCC, BCC, and HCP, providing details on their unit cells, coordination numbers, and atomic packing factors.

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    Solid State Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Vatika Goel
    343 views15 pages
    This document discusses different types of solids and their structures. It describes crystalline solids as having ordered, repeating structures, while amorphous solids lack well-defined structures. The smallest repeating unit in a crystal is the unit cell, which stacks together to form the crystal lattice. Common unit cell types include primitive cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic. The document also discusses crystal structures like FCC, BCC, and HCP, providing details on their unit cells, coordination numbers, and atomic packing factors.

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    This document discusses different types of solids and their structures. It describes crystalline solids as having ordered, repeating structures, while amorphous solids lack well-defined structures. The smallest repeating unit in a crystal is the unit cell, which stacks together to form the crystal lattice. Common unit cell types include primitive cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic. The document also discusses crystal structures like FCC, BCC, and HCP, providing details on their unit cells, coordination numbers, and atomic packing factors.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    343 views15 pages

    Solid State Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    Vatika Goel
    This document discusses different types of solids and their structures. It describes crystalline solids as having ordered, repeating structures, while amorphous solids lack well-defined structures. The smallest repeating unit in a crystal is the unit cell, which stacks together to form the crystal lattice. Common unit cell types include primitive cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic. The document also discusses crystal structures like FCC, BCC, and HCP, providing details on their unit cells, coordination numbers, and atomic packing factors.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Solid State Chemistry

    Types of Solids
    Crystalline solid: well-ordered, definite arrangements of molecules, atoms or ions.
    Crystals have an ordered, repeated structure. Polycrystalline material: comprised of many small crystals or grains

    Amorphous solid: no definite arrangement of molecules, atoms, or ions (i.e., lack well-defined structures or shapes).
    Amorphous solids vary in their melting points.

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    Structures of Solids
    The smallest repeating unit in a crystal is a unit cell.
    Unit cell is the smallest unit with all the symmetry of the entire crystal. Three-dimensional stacking of unit cells is the crystal lattice.

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    Structures of Solids
    Unit Cells

    The smallest repeating unit that shows the symmetry of the pattern is called the unit cell.
    June 2009 RAG RAOLA CE-100

    Types of Unit Cells


    Primitive Cubic Body-centered Cubic (BCC) Face-centered Cubic (BCC) Hexagonal Close Pack (HCP) Rhombohedral Cubic Diamond

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    Common Types of Unit Cells


    Three common types of unit cell.
    Primitive cubic, atoms at the corners of a simple cube
    each atom shared by 8 unit cells;

    Body-centered cubic (bcc), atoms at the corners of a cube plus one in the center of the body of the cube,
    corner atoms shared by 8 unit cells, center atom completely enclosed in one unit cell;

    Face-centered cubic (fcc), atoms at the corners of a cube plus one atom in the center of each face of the cube,
    corner atoms shared by 8 unit cells, face atoms shared by 2 unit cells.
    June 2009 RAG RAOLA CE-100

    Unit Cells

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    Unit Cells

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    Table showing Atom Fractions in Unit Cells

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    Face-Centered Cubic Crystal Structure


    The hard spheres or ion cores touch one another across a face diagonal the cube edge length, a= 2R2 The coordination number, CN = the number of closest neighbors to which an atom is bonded = number of touching atoms, CN = 12 Number of atoms per unit cell, n = 4. (For an atomthat is shared with m adjacent unit cells, we only count a fraction of the atom, 1/m). In FCC unit cell we have: 6 face atoms shared by two cells: 6 x 1/2 =3 8 corner atoms shared by eight cells: 8 x 1/8 = 1 Atomic packing factor, APF = fraction of volume occupied by hard spheres = (Sum of atomic volumes)/(Volume of cell) = 0.74 (maximum possible)

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    Body-Centered Cubic Crystal Structure


    The hard spheres touch one another along cube diagonal the cube edge length, a= 4R/3 The coordination number, CN = 8 Number of atoms per unit cell, n = 2 Center atom (1) shared by no other cells: 1 x 1 = 1 8 corner atoms shared by eight cells: 8 x 1/8 = 1 Atomic packing factor, APF = 0.68 Corner and center atoms are equivalent

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    Hexagonal Close-Packed Crystal Structure


    Unit cell has two lattice parameters a and c. Ideal ratio c/a = 1.633 The coordination number, CN = 12 (same as in FCC) Number of atoms per unit cell, n = 6. 3 mid-plane atoms shared by no other cells: 3 x 1 = 3 12 hexagonal corner atoms shared by 6 cells: 12 x 1/6 = 2 2 top/bottom plane center atoms shared by 2 cells: 2 x 1/2 = 1 Atomic packing factor, APF = 0.74 (same as in FCC) All atoms are equivalent

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

    Examples: 1. Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) Crystal Structure Cu, Al, Ag, Au 2. Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) Crystal Structure

    Cr, -Fe, Mo
    3. Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP) Crystal Structure Cd, Mg, Zn, Ti
    June 2009 RAG RAOLA CE-100

    Polymorphism and Allotropy


    Polymorphism - materials may exist in more than one crystal structure. Allotropy - when an elemental solid exhibits polymorphism. Example: - Carbon

    June 2009

    RAG RAOLA

    CE-100

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