PART OF SPEECH

NOUNS
◦ - is a word that names something such as person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentences , direct
object, in direct objects, subject compliment, object complement appositive or adjective
TYPE OF NOUNS
Noun can name a person: Noun can name things
Example: Example:
Albert Einstein shoe
The President faucet
Noun can also name a place:
Example:
Mount Vesuvius
Disneyland
PROPER NOUN VS. COMMON
NOUN

Common Noun also known as Generic noun, is the generic name of an item in
a class or group and is not capitalized unless appearing at the beginning of a
sentence or in a title
Example:
The girl crossed the river
 TYPES OF COMMON NOUN
1. Concrete nouns
◦ Something that is perceived by the sense; something that is physical or real
◦ Examples:
-I heard the doorbell.
-My keyboard is sticky
2. Abstract nouns
◦ Something that cannot be perceived by the senses
◦ Example:
-We can’t imagine the courage it took to do that
3. Collective nouns
◦ Denotes a group or collection of people or things
◦ Example:
-That pack of lies is disgraceful
 APPOSITIVE NOUNS AND AS
MODIFIERS
◦ Appositive nouns- a noun that immediately follows another noun in order to further define or
identify it.
Example
My brother, Michael, is six years old.

PLURAL NOUNS
◦ requires plural verbs
◦ many English plural nouns can be formed by adding- s or -es to singular form although there are
many exceptions
Example
cat-cats
These two cats are both black
COUNTABLE NOUNS VS. UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted, even if the number
might be extraordinarily high and used with a/an, any, a few and many.
Example
Here is a cat
Uncountable nouns are nouns that come in a state or quantity which is
impossible to counts, they are always considered to be singular and can be
used with some, any, a little and much.
Example
An I.Q test measure intelligence
POSSIVE NOUNS
◦ nouns which possess something; i.e., they have something.
You can identify nouns show the possessive with an
apostrophe and an s.
Example
The cat’s toy was missing
PRONOUN
A pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that is used as a substitution for a noun
or noun phrase, which is known as the pronoun's antecedent.

Classes of Pronouns

-Personal pronouns (I, we, us, you, your, he, she, they)

-Relative pronouns (what, who, whose, whom, which, that)

-Indefinite pronouns (all, anyone, both, each, something

-Interrogative pronouns (who, whose, whom, which, what)

-Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those)

ADVERB
An adverb is a word or an expression that generally modifies a verb, adjective, another adverb,
determiner, clause, preposition, or sentence. Adverbs typically express manner, place, time, frequency,
degree, level of certainty, etc., answering questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to
what extent?

TYPES OF AN ADVERB
1. Adverb of Manner
-An adverb of manner modifies or changes a sentence to tell us how something happens, such
as whether it was quickly or slowly. They're usually placed after the main verb or after the object
2. Adverb of Time
An adverb of time is an adverb (such as soon or tomorrow) that describes when the action of a verb
is carried out. It can also be called a temporal adverb. An adverb phrase that answers the question "when?" is
called a temporal adverbial.
3. Adverb of Place
An adverb of place can indicate an object's position in relation to another object. For example:
Below, between, above, behind, through, around and so forth. Many adverbs of place indicate movement
in a particular direction and end in the letters “-ward or -wards”
4. Adverb of Frequency
What are Adverbs of Frequency? An adverb of frequency describes how often an action
happens. There are six main adverbs of frequency that we use in English: always, usually (or normally),
often, sometimes, rarely, and never.
An adverb of place can indicate an object's position in relation to another object. For
example: Below, between, above, behind, through, around and so forth. Many adverbs of place
indicate movement in a particular direction and end in the letters “-ward or -wards”
VERB
ADJECTIVE
◦ An Adjective is a part of speech which describes, identifies, or quantifies a noun or a pronoun.
Ex. He was wearing a blue shirt.
There are seven rooms in the house.

KINDS OF ADJECTIVE
◦ 1. Descriptive Adjectives
These adjectives are used to describe the nature of a noun. They give an idea about the characteristics of
the noun by answering the question ‘what kind’.
- Honest, Kind, Large, Bulky, Beautiful, Ugly etc.
-Manila is a large city.
- Sheila is a beautiful woman.
◦ 2. Adjectives of Quantity
These adjectives help to show the amount or the approximate amount of the noun or pronoun. These
adjectives do not provide exact numbers; rather they tell us the amount of the noun in relative or whole terms.
• All, Half, Many, Few, Little, No, Enough, Great etc.
- They have finished most of the rice.
- Many people came to visit the fair.
3. Adjectives of Number
These adjectives are used to show the number of nouns and their place in an order.
There are three different sections within adjectives of number:
Definite Numeral Adjective - Those which clearly denote an exact number of nouns or the order
of the noun. • One, Two, Twenty, Thirty-Three etc. also known as Cardinals. • First, Second,
Third, Seventh etc. also known as Ordinals.
Indefinite Numeral Adjective - Those adjectives that do not give an exact numerical amount but
just give a general idea of the amount. Some, Many, Few, Any, Several, All etc.
• E.g.: There were many people present at the meeting
 Distributive Numeral Adjective -Those adjectives that are used to refer to individual nouns within the whole
amount.
• Either, Neither, Each, Another, Other etc.

• E.g: Taxes have to be paid by every employed citizen.

4. Demonstrative Adjectives
These adjectives are used to point out or indicate a particular noun or pronoun using the adjectives - This, That,
These and Those.
- That bag belongs to Neil.

- Try using this paintbrush in art class.

- I really like those shoes.
- These flowers are lovely.
5. Possessive Adjectives
A possessive adjective expresses possession of a noun by someone or something. Possessive
adjectives are the same as possessive pronouns.
-My car is very old.
-Her boyfriend is very friendly.
-Our dog is black.
- Their homework is on the table.
All the possessive adjectives are listed in the following table
• Singular • my • your • his • her • its •
Plural • our • your • their • their • Their
6.Interrogative Adjectives
These adjectives are used to ask questions about nouns or in relation to nouns, they are -
Where, What, Which and Whose.
- Where did he say he was going?
-What assignment did I miss out on?
- Which is your favorite author?
CONJUCTION
Conjunction is a word that connects or joins clauses, words, phrases together in a sentence.
Conjunctions are used to coordinate words in a sentence.
Types of Conjunctions
1. Coordinating conjunctions– are single words that join similar words or phrases or element.
But- It is generally used to show a contrast between two clauses.
Example: I like living in the city but my brother prefers living in the country.
Or- Is used to suggest an option or alternative
Example: Don’t tell John about his birthday party or you’ll spoil the surprise
So-This word is used to show the consequence or result of something
Example: I’ve just eaten dinner so, I’m not hungry.
And- It is used when two similar clauses or points are made.
Example: The taxi stopped at the train station and two men got out of it.
For- Is used to explain the ‘why’ in a situation.
Example: She needs to be home for her kids.

Nor- It is used about similar two items but in the negative sense. It is generally used after a
neither(-neither, -nor)
Example: She is neither tall nor fat.

Yet- Is used to show a contrast in spite of something.

Example: She regrets having spoken to her friend like that, yet, she hasn’t apologised.
2. Subordinating conjunctions– is a word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an
independent clause. This word or phrase indicates that a clause has informative value to add to
the sentence’s main idea, signaling a cause-and-effect relationship or a shift in time and place
between the two clauses. Few commonly used subordinating conjunctions that show cause and
effect are because, since, though, as, hence, as a result of, in order that, so that, even though,
although, unless, because of, unless, provided that etc. These conjunctions are used to show the
cause and effect of something.
Examples :
I am not going to work because I am sick.
I will not release her payment unless she completes her work.
The government might agree to their demands provided they follow the rules.
3. Correlative conjunctions-are sort of like tag-team conjunctions. They come in pairs, and you
have to use both of them in different places in a sentence to make them work. They get their
name from the fact that they work together (co-) and relate one sentence element to another.
◦ either/or
◦ neither/nor
◦ such/that
◦ whether/or
◦ not only/but also
◦ both/and
◦ as many/as
◦ no sooner/than
◦ rather/than
Let’s take a look at a few example sentences:
o Either you’re with me or you’re against me.
o Such is the intensity of the pollen outside that I can’t leave the house.
o My parents went to both Hawaii and Bali last year.
INTERJECTION
An interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a
spontaneous feeling or reaction. It is a diverse category, encompassing many different parts of speech,
such as exclamations, curses, greetings, response particles, hesitation markers, and other words.

Examples:
◦ Hoorah! We won the match.
◦ Congratulations! You have a baby girl.
◦ Oh! We lost him.
◦ Yeah! I got her number.
◦ Yes! You are right.
PREPOSITION
Prepositions is a word normally placed before Nouns or Pronouns to show its relation to another
word.

Examples:
-Aliya is in the kitchen
-The book is on the table
-He sat on the ground
-My friend lives across the street
from me
 ARTICLES
Articles are words that use with nouns. It determines the noun and
placed before a noun. The articles in the English language are the, a and an.

•The indefinite article a/an

-used when we don't specify the things or people we are talking about.
- usually placed before a singular noun
Example:
◦ I met a friend.
◦ I work in a factory.
◦ He eats an apple.
◦ I borrowed a pencil from a passenger.
Indefinite Article /a/
~ used before a noun that starts with consonant.
* a dog
* a pilot
* a teacher

Indefinite Article /an/

~ used before a noun that begins with vowel sound.
* an eagle
* an athlete
* an ice cream

Note:
When to use a/an depends on how the word is pronounced and not on how it is
written.
* a university
* an hour
* a house
Definite Article /the/
used when the speaker talks about specific objects that both
person speaking and listener knows.
* the tall man
* the big house
* the man next to me
* The car over there is fast.
* The president of the United States is giving a speech tonight.

 When we speak of something or someone for the first time, we use /a or

an/. The next time we repeat the object, we use definite article /the/
* I live in a house. The house is quiet old and has four bedrooms.
* I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good.
No Article!!
1. Do not use an article with countries, states, provinces,lakes and mountains except when the
country is a collection of states such as "The United States"
* He lives in Washington near Mount Renair.
* They live in Northern British Columbia.
* They climbed Mount Everest.

2. We do not normally use an article with plurals and uncountable nouns to talk about things in
general.
* He writes books.
* She likes sweets.
* She ate bread with butter in the morning.
* I like milk.
* He drank water.

3. Article /the/ can be used with uncountable nouns or the article can be dropped entirely.
* He drank the water. (some specific water-example the water his wife brought him from the
kitchen)
* He drank water. (any water)