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uk

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A Leadership Story:
• A group of workers and their leaders are set a task
of clearing a road through a dense jungle on a remote
island to get to the coast where an estuary provides
a perfect site for a port.
• The leaders organise the labour into efficient units and
monitor the distribution and use of capital assets –
progress is excellent. The leaders continue to monitor
and evaluate progress, making adjustments along the
way to ensure the progress is maintained and efficiency
increased wherever possible.
• Then, one day amidst all the hustle and bustle and
activity, one person climbs up a nearby tree. The person
surveys the scene from the top of the tree.

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A Leadership Story:
• And shouts down to the assembled
group below…
• “Wrong Way!”
• (Story adapted from Stephen Covey (2004) “The Seven Habits of
Highly Effective People” Simon & Schuster).

• “Management is doing things right, leadership

is doing the right things”
(Warren Bennis and Peter Drucker)

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Leadership

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Types of Leadership Style

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Types of Leadership Style

• Autocratic:
– Leader makes decisions without reference
to anyone else
– High degree of dependency on the leader
– Can create de-motivation and alienation
of staff
– May be valuable in some types of business
where decisions need to be made quickly
and decisively

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Types of Leadership Style

• Democratic:
• Encourages decision making
from different perspectives – leadership
may be emphasised throughout
the organisation
– Consultative: process of consultation before
decisions are taken
– Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks
to persuade others that the decision
is correct

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Types of Leadership Style

• Democratic:
– May help motivation and involvement
– Workers feel ownership of the firm
and its ideas
– Improves the sharing of ideas
and experiences within the business
– Can delay decision making

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Types of Leadership Style

• Laissez-Faire:
– ‘Let it be’ – the leadership responsibilities
are shared by all
– Can be very useful in businesses
where creative ideas are important
– Can be highly motivational,
as people have control over their working life
– Can make coordination and decision making
time-consuming and lacking in overall direction
– Relies on good team work
– Relies on good interpersonal relations

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Types of Leadership Style

• Paternalistic:
• Leader acts as a ‘father figure’
• Paternalistic leader makes decision
but may consult
• Believes in the need to support
staff

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Change Leadership

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Change Leadership
• The most challenging aspect of business
is leading and managing change
• The business environment is subject to
fast-paced economic and social change
• Modern business must adapt
and be flexible to survive
• Problems in leading change stem mainly
from human resource management

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Change Leadership
• Leaders need to be aware of how
change impacts on workers:
• Series of self-esteem states
identified by Adams et al and cited
by Garrett
– Adams, J. Hayes, J. and Hopson, B.(eds) (1976)
Transition: understanding and managing change personal
change London, Martin Robertson
– Garrett, V. (1997) Managing Change in School leadership
for the 21st century Brett Davies and Linda Ellison, London,
Routledge

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Change Leadership
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4 Time

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Theories of Leadership

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Theories of Leadership
• Trait theories:
• Is there a set of characteristics
that determine a good leader?
– Personality?
– Dominance and personal presence?
– Charisma?
– Self confidence?
– Achievement?
– Ability to formulate a clear vision?

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Theories of Leadership
• Trait theories:
– Are such characteristics
inherently gender biased?
– Do such characteristics
produce good leaders?
– Is leadership more than
just bringing about change?
– Does this imply that leaders are born
not bred?

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Theories of Leadership
• Behavioural:
• Imply that leaders can be trained –
focus on the way of doing things
– Structure based behavioural theories –
focus on the leader instituting structures –
task orientated
– Relationship based behavioural theories –
focus on the development and maintenance
of relationships – process orientated

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Theories of Leadership
• Contingency Theories:
• Leadership as being more flexible –
different leadership styles used at
different times depending on the
circumstance.
• Suggests leadership is not a fixed series
of characteristics that can be
transposed into different contexts

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Theories of Leadership
• May depend on:
– Type of staff
– History of the business
– Culture of the business
– Quality of the relationships
– Nature of the changes needed
– Accepted norms within the institution

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Theories of Leadership
• Transformational:
– Widespread changes
to a business or organisation
• Requires:
– Long term strategic planning
– Clear objectives
– Clear vision
– Leading by example – walk the walk
– Efficiency of systems and processes

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Theories of Leadership
• Invitational Leadership:
– Improving the atmosphere and message
sent out by the organisation
– Focus on reducing negative messages
sent out through the everyday actions of
the business both externally and, crucially,
internally
– Review internal processes to reduce these
– Build relationships and sense of belonging
and identity with the organisation –
that gets communicated to customers, etc.

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Theories of Leadership
• Transactional Theories:
– Focus on the management
of the organisation
– Focus on procedures and efficiency
– Focus on working to rules
and contracts
– Managing current issues
and problems

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Factors Affecting Style

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Factors Affecting Style

• Leadership style may be dependent
on various factors:
– Risk - decision making and change initiatives
based on degree of risk involved
– Type of business – creative business
or supply driven?
– How important change is –
change for change’s sake?
– Organisational culture – may be long embedded
and difficult to change
– Nature of the task – needing cooperation? Direction?
Structure?

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