21 Network Programmability and Automation

Network Programmability and
Automation
Page 2 Copyright © 2020 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Foreword
 New protocols, technologies, and delivery and O&M modes are emerging in the network
engineering field. Conventional networks face challenges from new connection requirements,
such as requirements for cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI). Enterprises are also
pursuing service agility, flexibility, and elasticity. Against this backdrop, network automation
becomes increasingly important.
 Network programmability and automation is to simplify network configuration, management,
monitoring, and operations for engineers and improve deployment and O&M efficiency. This
course is to help network engineers understand Python programming and implement network
automation.
Objectives
 On completion of this course, you will be able to:
▫ Describe the difficulties of conventional network O&M.
▫ Understand the implementation of network automation.
▫ Understand the classification of programming languages.
▫ Describe the Python code style.
▫ Describe the basic usage of Python telnetlib.
Contents
1. Introduction to Network Programmability and Automation
2. Overview of Programming Language and Python
3. Cases
Background: Difficulties in Conventional Network O&M
 Conventional network O&M requires network engineers to manually log in to network devices, query and execute configuration
commands, and filter command output. This highly human-dependent working mode is time-consuming, inefficient, and difficult to
audit.
Typical O&M Scenarios
Numerous devices Are the following working scenes familiar to you?

Complex operations 1. Device upgrade: Thousands of network devices reside on a live network. You have
Low efficiency to periodically upgrade the devices in batches.
2. Configuration audit: An enterprise needs to audit the configuration of devices every
year. For example, the enterprise requires that STelnet be enabled on all devices and
spanning tree security be configured on Ethernet switches. In this case, you have to
quickly find out the devices that do not meet the requirements.
3. Configuration change: Due to network security requirements, device accounts and
passwords need to be changed every three months. You have to delete the original
account and create an account on thousands of network devices.
Network device
Network Automation
 Network automation: Tools are used to implement automated network deployment, operations, and O&M, gradually reducing
dependency on human. This solves the conventional network O&M problems.
 Many open-source tools, such as Ansible, SaltStack, Puppet, and Chef, are available for network automation in the industry. From
the perspective of network engineering capability construction, it is recommended that engineers acquire the code programming
capability.
Keywords of network
Chef automation SaltStack
NMS tool
Ansible Python Automated

scripts
Shell
Programming-based Network Automation
 In recent years, with the emergence of network automation technologies, Python-based programming capabilities
have become a new skill requirement for network engineers.
 Automation script written in Python can execute repeated, time-consuming, and rule-based operations.
Example: Implementing automated device configuration
Python file using Python
Configuration File • What can network automation do? The most intuitive example of
network automation is automated device configuration. This process
Sysname SW1 SSH/Telnet
can be divided into two steps: writing a configuration file, and writing
Vlan 10
description A Python code to push the configuration file to a device.
Vlan20 • Write the configuration script in command line interface (CLI) mode,
description B Network and then upload the script to the device using Telnet/SSH. This
VLAN 30 device method is easy to understand for network engineers who are beginning
description C
to learn network programmability and automation. This presentation
describes how to implement network automation.
Contents
3. Cases
Programming Languages
 A programming language is used to write a computer program and control behavior of a computer.
 According to whether compilation is required before execution of a language, the programming language may be classified into the
compiled language, and interpreted language that does not need to be compiled.
Compiled language Interpreted language

(Source code) (Source code)
Compiler
Interpreter: Interprets
source code line by line.
Executable file
Operating system (Windows/Linux/Mac OS)
CPU (x86/ARM architecture)
Computing Technology Stack and Program
Execution Process
Computing Technology Stack Program Execution Process
Application
temp = v [k]; TEMP = V[K]
Algorithm High-level v[k] = v[k+1]; V[K] = V[K+1]
programming v[k+1] = temp; V[K+1] = TEMP
Software
language
Increasing order of Complexity
High-Level Language Fortran

Increasing order of Abstraction
C/C++
compiler compiler
Assembly Language
lw $t0, 0($2)
lw $t1, 4($2)
Machine Code Assembly sw $t1, 0($2)
language sw $t0, 4($2)
Instruction Set Architecture
Assembler
Micro Architecture
Hardware
0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000
1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110
Gates/Registers Machine 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001
code 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
Transistors
Instruction
Physics Instruction 1 Data 1
set
High-level Programming Language - Compiled
Language
 Compiled language: Before a program in a compiled language is executed, a compilation process is performed to compile the
program into a machine language file. The compilation result can be directly used without re-translation during running. Typical
compiled languages include C/C++ and Go.
 From source code to program: The source code needs to be translated into machine instructions by the compiler and assembler, and
then the linker uses the link library function to generate the machine language program. The machine language must match the
instruction set of the CPU, which is loaded to the memory by the loader during running and executed by the CPU.
Assembly Object module: Executable code:

C/C++ source
Compiler language Assembler machine language Linker machine language Loader Memory
code
program module program
Target library: library

function (machine language)
High-level Programming Language - Interpreted
Language
 Interpreted language: Interpreted language programs do not need to be compiled before running. They are translated line by line
when running. Typically, Java and Python are interpreted languages.
 Process from source code to programs: Source code of an interpreted language is generated by the compiler and then interpreted and
executed by a virtual machine (VM) (for example, JVM/PVM). The VM shields the differences between CPU instruction sets.
Therefore, portability of the interpreted language is relatively good.
Java language program Python program
Compiler Compiler
Class file Java library function Python library

.pyc file
(byte code) (machine language) functions (machine
(byte code)
language)
JVM PVM
What Is Python?
 Python is a fully-open-source high-level programming language. Its author is Guido Van Rossum.
Advantages of Python: Disadvantages of Python:

• Is a dynamically typed interpreted language with elegant syntax. It allows • Runs slow. Is an interpreted language that
learners to focus on program logic rather than syntax detail learning. runs without being compiled. Code is
• Supports both process- and object-oriented programming. translated line by line at run time into
• Provides abundant third-party libraries. machine code that the CPU can understand,
• Is nicknamed the glue language because it can call code written in other which is time-consuming.
languages.
With support for abundant third-party libraries and advantages of the Python language, Python can be used in many
fields, such as AI, data science, apps, and scripts for automated O&M.
Python Code Execution Process
Process of compiling and

running a Python program Operation
Python source code 1. Install Python and the running environment in an

operating system.
2. Compile Python source code.

Compiler
3. The compiler runs the Python source code and
generates a .pyc file (byte code).
.pyc file (byte code)
4. A Python VM converts the byte code into the machine
language.
Running of the Python
VM 5. Hardware executes the machine language.
Getting Started with Python Code - Interactive
Running
 Python runs in either interactive or script mode.
 Interactive programming does not require script files to be created, and code is written in the interactive mode of the
Python interpreter.
C:\Users\Richard>python
Python 3.7.4 (default, Aug 9 2019, 18:34:13) [MSC v.1915 64 bit (AMD64)] :: Anaconda,
Inc. on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
1. Input -- >>> print ("hello world")
2. Output -- hello world
3. Input -- >>> a = 1
4. Input -- >>> b = 2
5. Input -- >>> print ( a + b )
6. Output -- 3
>>>
Getting Started with Python Code -
Script-based Running
 Code in script mode can run on various Python compilers or in integrated development environments. For example,
IDLE, Atom, Visual Studio, Pycharm, and Anaconda provided by Python can be used.
demo.py
print ("hello world") 1. Input -- C:\Users\Richard>python demo.py

a=1 2. Output -- hello world
b=2 3. Output -- 3
print ( a + b )
1 Write a Python script file (.py). 2 Execute the script file.
Code Style Guide for Python
 Code style rules refer to naming rules, code indentation, and code and statement segmentation modes that must be complied with
when Python is used to write code. Good style rules help improve code readability and facilitate code maintenance and modification.
 For example, the following rules for using semicolons, parentheses, blank lines, and spaces are recommended:
Semicolon Blank line

• A semicolon can be added at the end of a line in Python, • Different functions or statement blocks can be separated by
but is not recommended to separate statements. spaces. A blank line helps differentiate two segments of
• It is recommended that each sentence be in a separate code, improving code readability.
line.
Parentheses Space
• Parentheses can be used for the continuation of long • Spaces are not recommended in parentheses.
statements. Avoid unnecessary parentheses. • You can determine whether to add spaces on both ends of
an operator.
Code Style Guide for Python - Identifier Naming
• A Python identifier represents the name of a constant, variable, function, or another object.
• An identifier is usually composed of letters, digits, and underscores, but cannot start with a digit. Identifiers are case sensitive and
must be unique. If an identifier does not comply with the rules, the compiler will output a SyntaxError message when running the
code.
1. Assign a value -- User_ID = 10 print ( User_ID )

2. Assign a value -- user_id = 20 print ( user_id )
3. Assign a string -- User_Name = ‘Richard’ print ( User_Name )
4. Assign a value -- Count = 1 + 1 print ( Count )
5. Incorrect identifier -- 4_passwd = "Huawei" print ( 4_passwd )
print() is a built-in function of Python and is used to output content in parentheses.
Question: What is the output of the print command on the right?
Code Style Guide for Python - Code Indentation
 In Python programs, code indentation represents the scope of a code block. If a code block contains two or more
statements, the statements must have the same indentation. For Python, code indentation is a syntax rule that uses
code indentation and colons to distinguish between layers of code.
 When writing code, you are advised to use four spaces for indentation. If incorrect indentation is used in the program
code, an IndentationError error message is displayed during code running.
if True:
Correct indentation -- print ("Hello")
else:
Correct indentation -- print (0)
a = “Python”
Incorrect indentation -- print (a)
Code Style Guide for Python - Using Comments
 Comments are explanations added to programs to improve program readability. In the Python program, comments are
classified into single-line comments and multi-line comments.
 A single-line comment starts with a pound sign (#).
 A multi-line comment can contain multiple lines, which are enclosed in a pair of three quotation marks ('''...''' or
'''''' ...'''''').
Single-line comment -- # Assign a string to a.

a = “Python”
print (a)
“””
Multi-line comment -- The output is Python.
“””
Code Style Guide for Python - Source Code File
Structure
 A complete Python source code file generally consists of interpreter and encoding format declaration, document
string, module import, and running code.
 If you need to call a class of a standard library or a third-party library in a program, use "import" or "from... import"
statement to import related modules. The import statement is always after the module comment or document string
(docstring) at the top of the file.
Interpreter declaration -- #!/usr/bin/env python
Encoding format declaration -- #-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
Module comment or document string -- Description of a document (docstring)
This document is intended for...

“””
Time when a module is imported -- import time

Code is running -- …
Python Functions and Modules
 A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action. It can improve the modularity of the
program and code utilization. The function is defined using the def keyword.
 A module is a saved Python file. Modules can contain definitions of functions, classes, and variables that can then be utilized in other
Python programs. The only difference between a module and a regular Python program is that the module is used for importing by
other programs. Therefore, a module usually does not have a main function.
demo.py test.py
def sit(): #Define a function. import demo #Import a module.
print ('A dog is now sitting’)
demo.sit() #Call a function.
sit() #Call a function.
Execution result:
Execution result:
A dog is now sitting.
A dog is now sitting. A dog is now sitting.
1 Write a Python file (.py). 2 Import a module.
Python Classes and Methods
 A class is a collection of properties and methods that are the same. The class keyword is used to define a class.
 The function of an instantiated class is called a method. When you define a method, a class must carry the self
keyword, which indicates the instance of the class.
demo.py
class Dog(): #Define a class. test.py

def sit(self): #Define a method.
print(“A dog is now sitting.") import demo
Richard = Dog() #The class is instantiated. demo.Dog.sit

print (type(Richard.sit)) #The function of an instantiated type is called a
method.
print (type(Dog.sit)) #The type is function.
Execution result:
Execution result: A dog is now sitting.

<class 'method'>
<class 'method'> <class 'function'>
<class 'function'>
1 Write a Python file (.py). 2 Import a module.

Introduction to telnetlib
 telnetlib is a module in the standard Python library. It provides the telnetlib.Telnet class for implementing the Telnet function.
 Different methods in the telnetlib.Telnet class are called to implement different functions.
Import the Telnet class of the telnetlib module. -- from telnetlib import Telnet
Create a Telnet connection to a specified server. -- tn = Telnet(host=None, port=0[, timeout])
Invoke the read_all() method. -- tn.read_all()
…
Method Function
Telnet.read_until (expected, timeout=None) Read data until a given byte string, expected, is encountered or until timeout seconds have passed.
Telnet.read_all () Read all data until EOF as bytes; block until connection closed.
Read everything that can be without blocking in I/O (eager). Raise EOFError if connection closed and no
Telnet.read_very_eager() cooked data available. Return b'' if no cooked data available otherwise. Do not block unless in the midst of
an IAC sequence.
Telnet.write(buffer) Write a byte string to the socket, doubling any IAC characters.
Telnet.close() Close the connection.
Contents
3. Cases
Case: Logging In to a Device Using telnetlib
 Case description :
 A network device functions as a Telnet server, and the Python telnetlib needs to be used as a Telnet client to log in to the device.
Verify the Telnet login Verify the

Configure Telnet. Write Python code.
procedure. result.
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.20
GE1/0/10
Telnet server Telnet client
 The implementation process is as follows :

 Configure the Telnet service.
 Manually verify and view the Telnet login procedure as a reference for code implementation.
 Compile and run Python code.
 Verify the result.
Configure Telnet. Verify the Telnet login Verify the
Write Python code.
procedure. result.
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.20
GE1/0/10
Configure the IP address of interface

on the device ： Configure the Telnet service ：
[Huawei] interface GE 1/0/0 [Huawei] user-interface vty 0 4

[Huawei -GE1/0/0] ip add 192.168.10.10 24 [Huawei-ui-vty0-4] authentication-mode password
[Huawei -GE1/0/0] quit [Huawei-ui-vty0-4] set authentication password simple Huawei@123
[Huawei-ui-vty0-4] protocol inbound telnet
[Huawei-ui-vty0-4] user privilege level 15
[Huawei-ui-vty0-4] quit
[Huawei] telnet server enable
Configure Telnet. Verify the Telnet login procedure. Write Python code. Verify the result.
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.20
GE1/0/10
Telnet login:
1 Run a login command. C:\Users\Richard>telnet 192.168.10.10

Command output
Login authentication
Enter a password.
2 Command output Password:
Info: The max number of VTY users is 5, and the number of current VTY users on line is 1.
The current login time is 2020-01-15 21:12:57.
<Huawei>
Verify the Telnet login
Configure Telnet. Write Python code. Verify the result.
procedure.
192.168.10.10 192.168.10.20
GE1/0/10
Imports the module. -- import telnetlib

Sets the IP address for a host. --
Sets the password for logging in to the device. -- host = '192.168.10.10'
password = 'Huawei@123'
Logs in to the host through Telnet. --
Prints data until Password: is displayed. -- tn = telnetlib.Telnet(host)
Sets an ASCII password and starts a new line. -- tn.read_until(b'Password:')
Prints data until <Huawei> is displayed. -- tn.write(password.encode('ascii') + b"\n")
Closes the Telnet connection. -- print (tn.read_until(b'<Huawei>').decode('ascii’))
tn.close()
Case: Running Result Comparison
Verify the Telnet login
Configure Telnet. Write Python code. Verify the result.
procedure.
C:\Users\Richard>telnet 192.168.10.10
Login authentication
Manual Telnet login result:

Password:
Info: The max number of VTY users is 5, and the number of current VTY users on line is 1. The
current login time is 2020-01-15 21:12:57.
<Huawei>
#Run Python code in the compiler.

Python code execution Info: The max number of VTY users is 5, and the number
result: of current VTY users on line is 1.
The current login time is 2020-01-15 22:12:57.
<Huawei>
Quiz
1. Python is a compiled language. ( )
A. True
B. False
2. How to create VLAN 10 using telnetlib?
Summary
 Network automation uses tools to implement automated network deployment, operation, and
O&M, gradually reducing dependency on people. You can use a programming language or tool
to implement the network automation.
 Python is a fully-open-source high-level programming language that is simple syntax and is easy
to learn. It has rich standard libraries and third-party libraries, which are applicable to the
network engineering field.
 The telnetlib module of Python provides the telnetlib.Telnet class for implementing the Telnet
function. It helps you enter the network programmability and automation world!
More Information
 For more information about Python, visit https://www.python.org/.
Thank You
www.huawei.com

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Network Programmability and

▫ Understand the implementation of network automation.

▫ Understand the classification of programming languages.

▫ Describe the Python code style.

▫ Describe the basic usage of Python telnetlib.

Numerous devices Are the following working scenes familiar to you?

Ansible Python Automated

Compiled language Interpreted language

Operating system (Windows/Linux/Mac OS)

CPU (x86/ARM architecture)

High-Level Language Fortran

Assembly Object module: Executable code:

Target library: library

Java language program Python program

Class file Java library function Python library

Advantages of Python: Disadvantages of Python:

Process of compiling and

Python source code 1. Install Python and the running environment in an

2. Compile Python source code.

print ("hello world") 1. Input -- C:\Users\Richard>python demo.py

1 Write a Python script file (.py). 2 Execute the script file.

Semicolon Blank line

1. Assign a value -- User_ID = 10 print ( User_ID )

print() is a built-in function of Python and is used to output content in parentheses.

Question: What is the output of the print command on the right?

Single-line comment -- # Assign a string to a.

Module comment or document string -- Description of a document (docstring)

This document is intended for...

Time when a module is imported -- import time

1 Write a Python file (.py). 2 Import a module.

class Dog(): #Define a class. test.py

Richard = Dog() #The class is instantiated. demo.Dog.sit

Execution result: A dog is now sitting.

1 Write a Python file (.py). 2 Import a module.

Telnet.close() Close the connection.

Verify the Telnet login Verify the

 The implementation process is as follows :

Configure the IP address of interface

[Huawei] interface GE 1/0/0 [Huawei] user-interface vty 0 4

1 Run a login command. C:\Users\Richard>telnet 192.168.10.10

Imports the module. -- import telnetlib

Manual Telnet login result:

#Run Python code in the compiler.

2. How to create VLAN 10 using telnetlib?

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