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For Thermodynamics - F-1

This document discusses thermodynamics and equilibrium. It is a chapter outline from a textbook on the topic by Dr. Dibakar Behera. The chapter covers key concepts in thermodynamics including internal energy, entropy, free energy, and thermodynamic parameters. It also discusses applications of thermodynamics such as different types of power plants and how thermodynamics applies to daily life. The document provides examples and review questions to illustrate thermodynamic concepts.

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harshitaaanmol23
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109 views57 pages

For Thermodynamics - F-1

This document discusses thermodynamics and equilibrium. It is a chapter outline from a textbook on the topic by Dr. Dibakar Behera. The chapter covers key concepts in thermodynamics including internal energy, entropy, free energy, and thermodynamic parameters. It also discusses applications of thermodynamics such as different types of power plants and how thermodynamics applies to daily life. The document provides examples and review questions to illustrate thermodynamic concepts.

Uploaded by

harshitaaanmol23
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 57

THRMODYNAMICS AND

EQUILIBRIUM
by
Dr DIBAKAR BEHERA

Dept. of Chemistry
(School of Applied Sciences)
1 Thermodynamics
Chapter
 Introduction, Concept Chapter
of Internal energy, Enthalpy and
Entropy Outline
 Entropy calculations involving ideal gases (expansion,
mixing etc.)
 Concept of free energy (A and G), Gibb’s- Helmholtz
equation, I
Conditions of spontaneity and equillibrium

 Thermodynamic parameters accompanying cell operation


 Derivation and applications of van’t Hoff isotherm and
isochore
 Derivation and applications of Clapeyron-Clausius equation
 Partial molar properties, Concept of Chemical Potential,
Gibb’s-Duhem equation and application.
INTRODUCTION
 Thermodynamics (thermochemistry)-

The study of energy flow during a chemical
reaction. Thermodynamics was developed
to know the most efficient way of converting
heat into work!

 Thermodynamics allows you to predict


whether or not a reaction will occur
(feasibility). Thermodynamics can predict
spontaneity of a reaction but says nothing
about the rate of a reaction.
APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS
 Thermodynamics in common usage in engineering is the
study of energy and its various interconversions from one
form to another.Thermodynamics has several types of
Applications in our daily life: Fossil-fueled steam power
plants, Spark-ignition engines and Jet engines.
 All types of vehicles that we use, cars, motorcycles,
trucks, ships, aeroplanes, and many other types work
on the basis of second law of thermodynamics and
Carnot Cycle.
 All the refrigerators, deep freezers,
industrial refrigeration systems, all
types of air-conditioning systems, heat
pumps, etc work on the basis of the
second law of thermodynamics.
CONT...........
 They may be using petrol engine or diesel engine, but the
law remains the same.Even cooling machines, such as
refrigerators and air conditioners, actually use heat, simply
reversing the usual process by which particles are heated.
The refrigerator pulls heat from its inner compartment-the
area where food and other perishables are stored-and
transfers it to the region outside. This is why the back of a
refrigerator is warm.

 Thermodynamics also involves study of various types of power


plants like thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric
power plants, power plants based on renewable energy sources like
solar, wind, geothermal, tides, water waves etc.

 Thermodynamics has contributed a lot to human life. Some of the


areas are:
 1.All the processes which occur in nature and daily life are guided by
TD laws. Second law tells whether a process is possible or
not( entropy is the term which tells us about th possibility of a
process). Many chemical processes( which many industries
experiment for their products), natural reactions, and even the
processes which occur in kitchen are said to occur by TD laws only.
CONT.......
2. Thermodynamic temperature scale serves as a standard
scale and also helps in converting one temperature reading
to other.

3.While cooking when you use iron or steel spoon ( any


metal or good conductor of heat) to mix ingredients in a
pan that is placed on flame, you can experience that the
heat from pan transfers to the spoon, and slowly
towards the cool tip you are holding, but the coldness of
spoon can't go towards the pan.This shows that heat
always travels towards the less heated side.

4.In winters when you go for bath with hot water you can
experience that when water is hot its rate of cooling is faster,
as the temperature drops down rate of cooling also drops
down and when the temperature of water and that of
environment gets same this process stops, this is equilibrium
stale. This is example of Newtons law of cooling.
CONT.... Following images might be useful:
INTRODUCTION
 The System and the
Surroundings;
A system in
thermodynamics refers
to that part in which
observations in
thermodynamic
changes are made and
remaining part of
universe constitutes the
surroundings.
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
THREE SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
 There are seven important
thermodynamic parameters
(state functions):
 P (pressure),
 V (volume),
 T (temperature),
 H (enthalpy),
 S (entropy),
 U (internal energy)
 and G (Gibbs free energy)
INTRODUCTION
 Thermodynamic process -
when a system undergoes a series of changes,then
the path or the process by which such a change
occour is called the .........
INTRODUCTION
Properties of the Thermodynamics
System:
Extensive property Intensive property
(depend on system mass) (independ on system
mass)
Volume, Number of Refractive index, Surface
moles, Mass, Internal tension, density,
energy, enthalpy, entropy, temperature, Boiling
free energy, heat capacity point, Freezing point,
molar volume
Dividing the system in half does not
change the value of an intensive property.
INTRODUCTION
 How do we determine the energy
changes in a thermodynamic
process? (Work and Energy)
(a)Work (w)-Path function,

Here, dV=(Vf-Vi)= ( ＋ or -) ve.


 If w= (+) ve.
Work is performed on the system.
 if w is (- ve),

Work is done by system


INTRODUCTION

(b)Heat (Q)-Path function, (J/kJ), j/mol or


kJ/mol if expressed for 1 mol
 Form of energy change when there is
temperature difference. Can be calculate
from heat capacity of a material
 Heat capacity (C), Cv and Cp,

 CP-Cv=nR
INTRODUCTION
(c) Enthalpy (H)- State function, (J/kJ), j/mol or
kJ/mol if expressed for 1 mol
Heat content of a system or a substance.

Heat absorbed/desorbed by the system at


constant pressure P is change in enthalpy.
INTRODUCTION
d) Internal energy (U)- State function, (J/kJ),
Total energy of the system.
Change in internal energy can be measured, not
the internal energy.

Heat absorbed/desorbed by the system at


constant volume V is change in internal
energy.

From 1st law of thermodynamics-


INTRODUCTION
e) Entropy (S)- State function, (J/kJ), randomness in a
system, measure of spontaneity of a system. Change in
entropy can be measured, not the entropy.

For reversible process,

For irreversible process,


Review Question-

1.What will be internal energy change of a system if q


amount of heat is taken out from a system and no work is
performed? What kind of system it can be?

2.What will be internal energy change of a system if q


amount of heat is supplied and w amount of work is
performed by it?

3.2 litres of an ideal gas expands isothermally to 10 litres


against vacuum, how much heat is absorbed and how much
work is done in the expansion?

4. 2 litres of an ideal gas expands isothermally to 10 litres


against 1 atm external pressure, how much heat is absorbed
and how much work is done in the expansion?

5. Calculate the change in internal energy and enthalpy


INTRODUCTION
e) Entropy (S)- State function, (J/kJ), randomness in a
system, measure of spontaneity of a system. Change in
entropy can be measured, not the entropy.

For reversible process,

For irreversible process,


Please take a “sweet”
Reminder of the importance of
establishing and maintaining a positive
relationship with Students!

Contact me:-
Dr.Dibakar Behera
9776377805

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