SAFARI ACADEMY

GRADE 10 HISTORY
 UNIT ONE
CAPITALISM
Development Of Capitalism and Nationalism 1815-1914

Unit learning outcomes

At the end of this unit, the students will be able to
 distinguish the major characteristics of capitalism;
 explore how nationalism led to wars and empire expansion;
 analyses how Italian and German unification changed the political
landscape of Europe; and
 explain the root causes and consequences of the American Civil War.
1.1 Features of Capitalism
 Capitalism: is an economic system based on private ownership of factors of
production.
 It is the direct opposite of socialism- in which all means of production are
owned by the state or collectively.
 Capitalism is a system developed out of feudalism and market capitalism.
there are a number of features that distinguish capitalism from command
economic system.
Of which includes:
1. Private property
2. profit maximization
 …. Continued

1.Price determination
2.Little/ no government intervention.
the development of capitalism was significantly
influenced by industrial revolution.
Industrial revolution first started in England in the 18th
century.
After Britain, Belgium, France and German states were
countries that became industrialized.
England the workshop of the world
Features Of Industrialization
 Steel replaced iron
 Gas & oil replaced coal
 Electricity utilization
 Change in transportation
 Change in communication
 Spread of industrialization in Europe and the USA.
 Work by hand to using machines
consequences of industrial revolution

 Urbanization was accelerated

 Division of society in to proletariat and bourgeoisie
 Industry dominated agriculture
 Europe dominated the world
 Industrial Europe colonized Africa
 The idea of liberal democracy and pluralism were
introduced
 …. continued
 Liberalism (by John Stuart Mill) was the belief in free speech, criticism,
freedom of worship and peoples control over the state.
 Pluralism is the existence of different political outlooks, religious beliefs or
races in specific society (the existence of multi party system).
 Mass militarization and nationalism in Germany and Italy and that in turn
resulted in WWI.
England –reduce working hour -prohibited child employment -health and
sanitation safety Germany - compensation for accident on job - old
age pension- sickness insurance - employment insurance
Class work
Features of Nationalism and Formation of Nation States
 Nationalism defined
 Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think
of themselves as a Nation.
 Nationalism is a condition of mind/feeling of a group of people living in a
defined territory, speaking a common language, possessing a literature,
attached to a common custom and in some cases having a common religion.
 It is the sense of belonging or feeling proud of your own country.
 It comes with a feeling that makes people support their nation and government
in every activity that she/he chooses to engage in.
 …. continued

 Several great movements that occurred before the 19th century helped the
growth of nationalist sentiment. These include:
 the Renaissance,
 the Protestant Revolution, and the
 expansion of commerce.
 The Renaissance with its developments of national language and its literature,
helped to bring about a national self-consciousness;
 the Protestant Revolution broke out religious unity of Europe and ended the
supremacy of the pope.
 Trade and colonies brought in wealth and helped to build a strong state.
 … continued
 The first few years after the Napoleonic era were called a time of “reaction”
when those in power wanted to return to old orders.
 These were conservatives who opposed change.
 Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria drew the “Treaty of Vienna” in 1815, with
the objectives to reverse all the changes that were brought about in Europe
during the reign of Napoleon wars and restore the monarchies.
 On the other hand, there were revolutionaries who spread the ideas of
nationalism and opposed conservatism
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO NATIONALIST SENTIMENT
Class work/homework
 1.3. The Unification of Italy
 The Italian unification was a series of political and military events that
resulted in a unification of Italy in 1861.
 the congress of Vienna in 1815 divided Italy in to numerous states (15) and
almost all of which were rued by foreign countries.
Obstacles to the unification of Italy in 1815 were:
1. the Austrian occupation of Lombardy and Venetia
2. The papal states- were principalities under the sovereignty of the pope
(leader of the catholic church). The pope was against the unification of
Italy. The papal states cuts off the northern part from the south.
Map 1.2. the process of Italian unification
 … continued

1.The existence a number of sovereign states including Parma,

Modena, Tuscany, the two Sicily's’ (Naples and Palermo), and
others. Most of which were ruled by foreign power or by relatives
of the Hapsburgs – the family that ruled Austria.
leaders and process of the unification
Giuseppe Mazzini
 Had a vision of united Italy and opposed monarchy
 Viewed nation state as necessity
 Was a member of the carbonari- a secret society established around
1820 by a wealthy, aristocratic and well-educated Italians
G. Mazzini (soul of the unification)
 … continued
 established a non-secret society called young Italy
 attracted 10 thousand of young Italians
 disseminate republican ideology and nationalistic
sentiment among the hearths of Italians
 Played a role in the 1848 revolution
 For a short period of time, he was a leader of the roman
republic proclaimed in the papal states
Count Camelo Benso De Cavour (the brain of the unification)
 Became prime-minister of Sardinia in 1852.
 Took part in the 1848 revolution
 Dislike absolutism
 Strengthened piedmont by promoting industry, education, improving
agricultural productivity, building railroads and enlarging the army.
 Tried to reduce the influence of the catholic church in politics.
 understand the threat of Austrian for the independence movement
 Searched for an ally against Austria
 Cavour allied with Britain and France on the Crimean war of 1853-1856
against Russia.
Count Camelo Benso de Cavour (the brain of the unification)
 …. continued
 Reached a secret agreement with napoleon III of France. France agreed to
send troops to help and Sardinia agreed to give the regions of savoy and
nice to France.
 Maneuvered/manipulated Austria into declaring war
 Austria waged war against Sardinia in April 1858 and lasted until July 1859.
 French-Sardinian armies won important victories at the battle of Magenta
and Solferino.
 The French, later withdrew from the war and unilaterally signed a treaty
with Austria.
V. Emanuel (the symbol of the unification)
 … continued
 According to the terms
 Austria ceded Lombardy to Sardinia and retained Venetia.
 Savoy and nice were handed over to france.
 During the war, the young Italians revolted against the duchies of Parma,
Modena and Tuscany and drove out their pro-Austrian leaders.
 Through referendum joined the kingdom of Sardinia in 1860.
G. Garibaldi (the sword of the unification) and southern Italy
 G. Garibaldi:

 Created the non-secret society called the “thousands” or “red

shirts”.
 Invaded the island of Sicily “Palermo” in 1860 and within a few
weeks conquered it up to the area of the papal states.
 Agreed to put aside his republican sentiment and to the
unification of the two Sicily's with the kingdom of Sardinia under
King V. Emanuel II.
 In the mean time, the troops of Sardinia completed the conquest
of the papal states.
 In 1861 the kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in Turin under V.
Emanuel II as a king.
 Final unification
 The final steps in the unification of Italy were taken in 1866 and 1870
Austro-Prussian war (1866)/seven weeks war
 Italians allied with Prussia and invaded Venetia.
 Italians were defeated by Austrians.
 The Prussian army defeated Austria and Italians won Venetia.
Franco-Prussian war 1870
 The French troops supporting the pope in Rome were withdrawn from
Rome to support their army.
 Italian troops invaded Rome and the conquest finalized the unification of
Italy.
 The Rome catholic pope ruled a city-state within Rome called the Vatican
ever since.
… continued
 Exercise 1.3
 Part I: True or false Items. Write “True” for correct statements and “False” for
incorrect ones.
1. Northern Italy was agrarian while southern Italy was industrialized.
2. The power of the Pope was strengthened after unification.
3. The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861 to be a socialist government.
Part II: Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.
1. Cavour was considered the architect of a united Italy because of:
A. his march to Rome
B. his strong military victories against France and Austria
C. his dispute with Germany
D. his strong involvement in the eventual unification processes
 … continued

 2. Which of the following was among the main challenges of the Italian
government after unification?
A. Religious civil war
B. Tension between the North and the South
C. Opposition from Austria
D. Boundary problems with neighboring states
Part III: Discuss in pairs and write short answers to the following
questions
1. State the different approaches that Italian patriots followed during
unification process.
2. What were the events that happened in Italy in 1866 and 1870?
 1.4 The Unification Of Germany
Events leading to the unification Germany
 Napoleon Bonaparte arose national feeling during his regime.
 The Vienna treaty of 1815 divided Germany in to 39 small states to German
princes.
 These states were organized into a loose German Confederation, dominated
by Austria.
Hindrances of the unification
 The domination of Austria on German confederation.
 Land owning Junkers for nominal power.
 Pope of Rome due to spiritual power.
 Economic, religious and political differences of German states.
How was Germany united?
 In 1834 Prussia formed a German Customs union, which became
known as the Zollverein.
 Zollverein excluded Austria from confederation.
 the Zollverein promoted economic unity within the many German
States.
 The idea of liberalism, the idea of nationalism and the 1848
revolution developed German nationalism.
 During the Revolution 1848, the goal of the German
revolutionaries had been to unite Germany under one ruler.
 … continued
 They convened a parliament called the Frankfurt Assembly.
 Emperor Wilhelm I appointed Otto Von Bismarck chancellor of
Prussia in 1862.
 Bismarck came from the landowning nobility called Junkers.
 The effective method of Bismarck to unite Germany is called the
real politiks.
 Bismarck used blood and iron to unite Germany.
 General Von Mo and Bismarck created strong army in all
Germany.
The Process of the Unification of Germany
 Course of the unification
 The monarchy and Junker nobility were dominants.
 Prussia was the nucleus of the unification.
 Bismarck fought three decisive battles.
1. The Danish War
 In 1864 by alliance with Austria, he defeated Denmark and restored
Schleswig and Holstein.
 Austria took Holstein from Prussia. Eventually lead to quarrel between
Austria and Prussia.
2. Austro-Prussian war/seven weeks war
 Bismarck provoked Austria to wag war.
 many smaller states allied with Austria.
 Italy allied with Prussia.
 In 1866 Prussia invaded Austria.
 At the Battle of Königgrätz (or Sadowa) on 3 July 1866, the
Prussian army quickly defeated the Austrian forces.
Results of the Seven weeks war

 Holstein was annexed by Prussia

 Austria was excluded from German affairs
 Venetia was given to Italy
 The North German Confederation was formed under the
leadership of Prussia. It consisted of all German states except
states in the south, where the people, were liberal and Catholic.
 Bismarck turned his attention to southern Germany states.
Consequences of the unification
 2. The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
 Bismarck asked Spain to offer the throne to the princes of Prussia.
 France strongly opposed the growing Prussian power.
 When the war began, the south immediately joined Prussia.
 By Franco-Prussian war(1870-71) he defeated France at the battle of
Sedan.
 Napoleon III held captive of war.
 The unification of Germany was completed on January 18, 1871.
 Germany took two provinces, Alsace and Lorrain from France.
 The issue of Alsace and Lorrain created hostility between France and
Germany.
Otto Von Bismarck
Emperor Wilhelm I
 Exercise 1.3

 Part I: Multiple choice questions

1. Which of the following did Otto Von Bismarck use to unify Germany?
A. Revolutionary movements B. The decision of the parliament
C. Peaceful strategy D. “Blood and Iron “policy
2. The two main rivals who competed to dominate a united Germany were:
A. Austria and Prussia B. Prussia and Bohemia
C. Bavaria and Austria D. Prussia and Bavaria
Part II: Give brief answers for the following.
1. Identify: Zollverein, the battle of Sadowa, Alsace and Lorrain.
2. Prussia fought three wars to unite Germany. Name them and list what territory was
acquired by each.
 The American Civil War(1861-1865)
 The USA won its independence from Britain in 1783 with the first thirteen
states.
 There were thirty three states in the USA in 1861.
 Economic and political difference caused the civil war.
 Abraham Lincoln was the president of the USA from 1861 to 1865.
Northern USA Southern USA

Economically more industrialized Agrarian led economy based on slave labor

Politically unionist Politically Confederates (separatists)

Socially anti slavery (abolitionists) socially Slavery was functioned legally

Abraham Lincoln led the unionists Jefferson Davis led the confederates
The Road to War
 The 11 southern states ( in the south) broke away and formed
Confederate States of America.
 In 1861 the unionists declared war on C.S.A.
 The C.S.A. organized huge force that comprised mainly slaves.
 The unions military strategy was simple blockade or close off
confederates.
 Southerners would be fighting for their independence on familiar
terrain.
The Course of the War
 The Confederates were victorious 1861-1863
 In1863 A. Lincoln introduced Emancipation proclamation and Home
Stead Law
 The proclamation diverted the balance of war
 General U.S. Grant and General W. T. Sherman defeated the
Confederates.
 Jefferson Davis was captured on 26 May 1865
Consequence of the war
 On December 6, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment was
adopted, which officially outlawed slavery.
 The collapse of the plantation economy in the southern part.
 The rise of industrialization, larger city centers, and the
development of infrastructures such as railroads, banks, and
factories in the southern part of the USA. However, progress
was slow.
 The constitutional changes acted as a point of departure in the
struggle for equal civil and human rights.
Nationalism and the “Eastern Question”
 The Eastern Question was a diplomatic problem posed in the 19th
and early 20th centuries. The Balkans were part of the decaying
Ottoman Empire. This region was home to peoples with multi-
ethnic backgrounds, such as Serbs, Bulgarians, Rumanians, and
Greeks.
It arose as a result of:
 the rise of nationalist feelings among the Balkan peoples,
 the declining Turkish (Ottoman) empire and
 the divergent interests of Great powers in the near east.
… continued
 … continued
 By 1830, Greece became an independent state and Serbia
achieved some self-rule. In the 1850s and 60s, independence
and nationalist movements among the people of the Balkan
provinces of the Ottoman Empire grew bigger and stronger.
 Russia, Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy and
Germany followed their own national interests in the Balkan
region. The foreign powers intervened for their own ends in
the struggles between the Turks and the nationalist groups.
 … continued
 Austria: Austria supported the Ottomans because they did not
want Russian expansion in the region.
 Revolts broke out in several parts of the Balkan region in 1875.
Romania, Montenegro and Serbia got their independence in
1878. Between 1878 and 1913, the Ottoman Empire was reduced
in size because Great Britain, Austria, France and Italy shared its
territories. As a result, tension and hostility were rising to a
dangerous level.
 … continued
 Russia: Russia supported the Balkan nationalists for several
reasons: The Russians were Slavs, like the Bulgarians and the
Serbs. They were Orthodox Christians as were many of the
discontented Balkan groups. Moreover, Russia wanted to gain
access to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
 Britain: Britain’s main concern was to protect its interests in
India and did not want the Russians in the Mediterranean, where
they might challenge their sea power. They supported the Turks
to suppress the nationalist movements.
Map of Balkan Nations