Presentation 1

Smith chart
It's really just a plot of complex reflection overlaid with an impedance and/or admittance grid referenced to a 1-ohm characteristic impedance. Smith chart is a graphical representation of the transmission line equations The Smith Chart is a clever tool for analyzing transmission lines .The outside of the chart shows location on the line in wavelengths. The combination of intersecting circles inside the chart allow us to locate the normalized impedance and then to find the impedance anywhere on the line The domain of definition of the reflection coefficient for a lossless line is a circle of unitary radius in the complex plane. This is also the domain of the Smith chart 4/23/12
Let us define the normalized impedance The complex can be expressed in cartesian and polar form as
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Since there is one-to-one mapping between to , the entire right half Z-plane is mapped on to the region within the unity circle in the -plane. 4/23/12
The complex Reflection Coefficient is
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First Equations represents constant resistance circles and second equation represent constant reactance circles.
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We can note following things about the constant resistance circles.

(a) The circles always have centres on the real -axis ( (b) All circles pass through the point (1,0) in the complex (c) axis). plane.
For , the center of the circle lies at the origin of the plane and it shifts to the right as increases. As r increases the radius of the circle goes on reducing and for the radius approaches zero, i.e., the circle reduces to a point. unity,
(d)
The outermost circle with center (0,0) and radius (e) corresponds to or in other words represents purely reactive impedances. (f) The right most point on the unity circle well as . , represents
as
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Constant Reactance Circles
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(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
We can note following things about the constant reactance circles: These circles have their centers on a vertical line passing through point . For positive the center lies above the real -axis and for negative , the center lies below the real -axis. For the center is at and radius is .This circle therefore represents a straight line. As the magnitude of the reactance increases the center moves towards the real -axis and it lies on the real -axis at (1,0) for . As the magnitude of the reactance increases, the radius of the circle, ,decreases and it approaches zero as . All circles pass through the point . The real -axis ( -axis) corresponds to and therefore represents real Impedances, i.e., purely resistive impedances. The right most point on the unity circle, as well as . , corresponds to
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The Smith chart is a graphical figure which is obtained by superposing the constant resistance and the constant reactance circles within the unity circle in the complex -plane.
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some special points on the Smith Chart. (a) (b) (c) (d) The left most point A on the smith chart corresponds to and therefore represents ideal short-circuit load. The right most point B on the Smith chart corresponds to and therefore represents ideal open circuit load. The center of the Smith chart M , corresponds to and hence represents the matched load. Line AB represents pure resistive loads and the outermost circle passing through A and B represents pure reactive loads. ,
The upper most point C represents a pure inductive load of unity (e) reactance and the lower most point D represents a pure capacitive load of unity reactance. (f) In general the upper half of the Impedance Smith Chart represents the complex inductive loads and the lower half represents the complex capacitive loads.
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The types of problems for which Smith charts are used include the following:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Plotting a complex impedance on a Smith chart Finding VSWR for a given load Finding the admittance for a given impedance Finding the input impedance of a transmission line terminated in a short or open. Finding the input impedance at any distance from a load ZL. Locating the first maximum and minimum from any load Matching a transmission line to a load with a single series stub. Matching a transmission line with a single parallel stub Matching a transmission line to a load with two parallel stubs.
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Plotting a Complex Impedance on a Smith Chart To locate a complex impedance, Z = R+-jX or admittance Y = G +- jB on a Smith chart, normalize the real and imaginary part of the complex impedance. Locating the value of the normalized real term on the horizontal line scale locates the resistance circle. Locating the normalized value of the imaginary term on the outer circle locates the curve of constant reactance. The intersection of the circle and the curve locates the complex impedance on the Smith chart.
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Smith Chart
Impedance divided by line impedance (50 Ohms)
Z1 = 100 + j50 Z2 = 75 -j100 Z3 = j200 Z4 = 150 Z5 = infinity (an open circuit) Z6 = 0 (a short circuit) Z7 = 50 Z8 = 184 -j900
Then, normalize and plot. The points are plotted as follows:
z1 = 2 + j z2 = 1.5 -j2 z3 = j4
3 February 2004
K. A. Connor RPI ECSE Department
1515
Finding the VSWR for a given load

Normalize the load and plot its location on the Smith chart. Draw a circle with a radius equal to the distance between the 1.0 point and the location of the normalized load and the center of the Smith chart as the center. The intersection of the right-hand side of the circle with the horizontal resistance line locates the value of the VSWR.
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Toward Generato r
Constant Reflection Coefficient Circle
Away From Generato r
Scale in Wavelengt hs
Full Circle is One Half Wavelength Since Everything Repeats 1717
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K. A. Connor
Finding the Input Impedance at any Distance from the Load

The load impedance is first normalized and is located on the Smith chart. The VSWR circle is drawn for the load. A line is drawn from the 1.0 point through the load to the outer wavelength scale. To locate the input impedance on a Smith chart of the transmission line at any given distance from the load, advance in clockwise direction from the located point, a distance in wavelength equal to the distance to the new location on the transmission line.
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Finding Zin
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Smith chart

Click to edit Master subtitle style

The complex Reflection Coefficient is

We can note following things about the constant resistance circles.

Constant Reactance Circles

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Impedance divided by line impedance (50 Ohms)

Then, normalize and plot. The points are plotted as follows:

K. A. Connor RPI ECSE Department

Finding the VSWR for a given load

Constant Reflection Coefficient Circle

Away From Generato r

Finding the Input Impedance at any Distance from the Load

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