Dna Replication

Biophysics and
Biochemistry of
DNA
Replication
BIOPHYSICS
is the field that applies the
theories and methods of
physics to understand how
biological systems work.
BIOCHEMISTRY
is the application of
chemistry to the study of
biological processes at the
cellular and molecular level.
Biophysics of protein-DNA interactions and
chromosome organization
The function of DNA in cells depends

on its interactions with protein
molecules, which recognize and act on
base sequence patterns along the double
helix.
DNA molecules in cells are
found in double helix form,
consisting of two long polymer
chains wrapped around one
another, with complementary
chemical structures.
The double helix encodes genetic information
through the sequence of chemical groups - the
“bases” adenine, thymine, guanine and
cytosine (A,T,G and C). Corresponding bases
on the two chains in a double helix bind one
another according to the complementary base-
pairing rules A=T and G≡C.
These rules follow from the chemical
structures of the bases, which permit two
hydrogen bonds to form between A and
T (indicated by =), versus three that
form between G and C (indicated by ≡).
Each base pair has a chemical weight of
about 600 Daltons (Da).
The presence of the two complementary
copies along the two polynucleotide chains in
the double helix provides redundant storage
of genetic information and also facilitates
DNA replication, via the use of each chain as
a template for assembly of a new
complementary polynucleotide chain.
DNAs in cells are covered with proteins,
some of which interact rather
specifically with short (< 20 bp) specific
base-pair sequences, and some of which
are less discriminating, interacting with
DNA of essentially any sequence.
Proteins that bind DNA tend to have
positively charged patches on them
to allow them to stick to the double
helix (many DNA-binding proteins
have a net positive charge in
solution).
Many proteins that bind DNA have
hydrophobic amino acids which
insert between bases, or hydrogen-
bonding groups which link to
corresponding hydrogen-bonding
groups on the bases.
Biochemistry of DNA Replication:
(The Process of DNA Replication)
The existence of cell division implies that
there is a mechanism that replicates DNA and
supplies identical copies for the daughter cells
while still maintaining an accurate
representation of the genome. This
mechanism, known as DNA replication, occurs
in all organisms and allows for genetic
inheritance.
It can occur in a short period, copying up to
approximately ten to the 11th power (10^11)
units of information in some cases. The
process of replication is semi-conservative,
meaning that each of the two DNA molecules
formed from the process is made up of one,
old, template strand and one newly formed
strand.
It also forms the basis of the expression of
genetic information through protein
synthesis. Considering DNA replication
occurs rapidly, there are also various
mechanisms to ensure correct replication and
minimize errors. Cancers can arise from
errors or mutations in DNA replication.
It also forms the basis of the expression of
genetic information through protein
synthesis. Considering DNA replication
occurs rapidly, there are also various
mechanisms to ensure correct replication and
minimize errors. Cancers can arise from
errors or mutations in DNA replication.
DNA replication is a
semiconservative process,
meaning that for every new pair
there is one original strand and
one new strand.
The origin of replication is a
sequence of base pairs in the
genome where DNA replication
begins; these sequences tend to
be high in AT content making for
easier separation.
The Function of DNA replication
is multifold and essential to life as we know it.

This biological process allows for the genetic
blueprints of a cell to be passed on to daughter
cells in cell division without loss of genetic
information. Without replication, when the cell
divides, the information would be split and only
partially passed on.
DNA replication also allows for protein
synthesis, which is how genes are expressed.
Protein synthesis begins with transcribing the
specific gene, or section of DNA, which
codes for the desired protein. Without
replication, a gene could have a limited
number of outputs and could transcribe a
limited number of proteins.
DNA replication also allows for protein
synthesis, which is how genes are expressed.
Protein synthesis begins with transcribing the
specific gene, or section of DNA, which
codes for the desired protein. Without
replication, a gene could have a limited
number of outputs and could transcribe a
limited number of proteins.
DNA REPLICATION
PROCESS
DNA REPLICATION
1 HELICASE
helicases catalyze the unwinding of double-stranded (ds)
DNA to yield the single-stranded (ss) DNA intermediates
required in DNA replication, recombination, and repair.
2 REPLICATION FORK
is the area where the replication of DNA will actually take
place.
DNA REPLICATION
3 PRIMASE
catalyze the synthesis of short RNA molecules used
as primers for DNA polymerases.
4 PRIMER
is a short nucleic acid sequence that provides a
starting point for DNA synthesis.
DNA REPLICATION
5 DNA POLYMERASE
is to duplicate the DNA content of a cell
during cell division.
6 OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
allow for both daughter strands to be synthesized,
which are necessary for cell division.
DNA REPLICATION
7 LEADING STRAND
is a single DNA strand that, during DNA replication,
is replicated in the 3' – 5' direction.
8 LAGGING STRAND
is the strand of daughter DNA that is synthesized
discontinuously in DNA replication.
DNA REPLICATION
7 EXONUCLEASES
act as proofreaders during DNA polymerisation in DNA
replication, to remove unusual DNA structures that arise from
problems with DNA replication fork progression, and they can
be directly involved in repairing damaged DNA.
8 DNA LIGASES
maintaining genomic integrity by joining breaks in the
phosphodiester backbone of DNA that occur during
replication and recombination, and as a consequence of
DNA damage and its repair.
DNA Replication is
described as a semi-
conservative because
each DNA molecule
is made up of one
old, conserved stand
of DNA and one new
one.

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Biophysics and

The function of DNA in cells depends

is multifold and essential to life as we know it.

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