The World Wide Web

Group 3:
ANGEL BECARES / JOY ANN BESONA / RYAN JAZZ BETITA / NEZIIO JULES BUENAFE
Key Terms
ANSI - American National Standards  OS - Operating system
Institute
Perl - Practical extraction and
 CPU - Central processing unit reporting language
 DNS - Domain name system  PHP - Hypertext preprocessor
GUI - Graphical user interface  SQL - Structured query language
 HTML - Hypertext markup language  WISP - Wireless internet service
provider
 HTTP - Hypertext transfer protocol
WMA - Windows media audio
 ISO - International Organization for
Standardization WWW -World Wide Web
 OOP - Object-oriented programming  XML - Extensible markup language
 Android OS - is Google's open and free software stack  Cable modem - provides high-speed internet
that includes an operating system, middleware, and connections through the cable television network.
key applications for use on mobile devices such as This service costs about twice as much as dial-up
smartphones. access.
 Assembly language - is used primarily for direct  Chat room - is a location on an internet server that
hardware manipulation and direct access to permits users to chat with each other.
specialized processor instructions. It is also used to  Chat - is a real-time typed conversation that takes
address critical performance issues. place on a computer or mobile device.
 Blog website - is an informal website consisting of  Computer programming language - is a language used
time-stamped articles, or posts, in a diary or journal to write computer programs; it involves a computer
format, commonly listed in reverse chronological that performs some kind of computation or
order. algorithm, and possibly controls external devices
 C programming language - is a general-purpose, such as printers, disk drives, etc.
imperative programming language developed in the  C++ programming language - is an intermediate-level
early '70s; C is the oldest and most widely used language with object-oriented programming features,
language, providing the building blocks for other originally designed to enhance the C language.
popular languages.  Database - is a collection of data used for automated
 C sharp (C#) - is a programming language based on systems.
C++ and Java that helps developers create XML web
services and Microsoft's NET-connected applications
for Windows operating systems and the internet.
 Dial-up access - takes place when the modem in
the computer uses a standard telephone line to  Internet2 - is a not-for-profit networking
connect to the internet. It is an easy yet an consortium in the U.S. which aims to improve
expensive way for users to connect to the the internet, such as relieving bottlenecks in the
internet. current architecture.
 Domain name - is the text version of an IP  Interpreter - is a computer program that directly
address. Figure 34 shows an IP address and its executes, i.e., performs instructions written in a
associated domain name. programming or scripting language, without
 Domain name system (DNS) - is the method that previously compiling them into a machine
the internet uses to store domain names and language program.
their corresponding IP addresses.  Java programming language - is a programming
 High-level language - is a programming language that was first introduced to the public
language such as C, Fortran, or Pascal that in 1995 and is widely used to create internet
enables a programmer to write programs that are applications and other software programs.
more or less independent of a particular type of  Low-level language - is a programming
computer. language that provides little or no abstraction
 Hypertext preprocessor (PHP) - is a server-side from a computer's instruction set architecture.
interpreted scripting language. It was designed  Netiquette - refers to the etiquette guidelines that
for creating dynamic web pages and other web govern behavior when communicating on the
pages that effectively work with databases. internet.
 Internet - is a worldwide collection of networks
that links millions of businesses, government
agencies, educational institutions, and
individuals.
 Operating system - manages the computer's specific group of people with similar interests or
memory and processes, as well as all of its relationships.
software applications and hardware; it also  Web hosting - provides the technologies and
allows one to communicate with the computer services needed for the website or web page to
without knowing how to speak the computer's be viewed via the internet.
language.  Web page - is a document that contains text,
 Program - refers to a set of instructions and graphics, audio (sound), and/or video accessible
operations for a computer to perform or do through the internet.
certain tasks.  Web publishing - is the process of publishing
 Programmer - is a person who writes computer original content on the internet. The process
programs. includes building and uploading websites,
 Programming language - is a formal computer updating the associated web pages, and posting
language that is designed to create instructions content to these web pages online.
for the computer.  Web server - is a system that delivers requested
 System software - comprises device drivers, OS, web pages to the computer.
servers, and software components.  Website - is a collection of related web pages
Programming software helps in writing and associated items, such as documents and
programs through tools such as editors, linkers, pictures, stored in a web server.
debuggers, and compilers/interpreters, among  WiFi - is a network that uses radio signals to
others. provide internet connections to wireless
 Web browser - is the tool used to access the computers and devices.
internet.
 Web community - is a website that gathers a
 Wiki website - is a collaborative  Wizard - is an automated assistant
website that allows users to create, that helps complete a task by asking
add to, modify, or delete the website questions and then performs actions
content via their web browser. based on the answers.
 Wireless internet service provider  Word processor - allows the user to
(WISP) - is a company that provides write a letter, design a flyer, and
wireless internet access to users with create other types of documents.
wireless modems or web-enabled  World Wide Web (WWW) - crasists of
mobile devices, such as smartphones a worldwide collection of electronic
and personal digital assistants documents.
(PDAs).
The Internet
The internet (capitalized as in Internet when it first came into
widespread use) is defined as a worldwide network connecting to a
million of computers via dedicated routers and servers. When
computers are connected to the internet, end-users could start
sending and receiving different types of information. These types of
information can be sent and received via electronic mails (emails),
text or video chats and/or conferencing, and computer programs,
among others. Now, most telephone companies all over the world
also function as internet service providers. In the Philippines, the
PLDT, Inc. (formerly known as Philippine Long Distance Telephone
Company) is the largest network company; Smart Communications,
Inc. and Digitel Mobile Philippines, Inc (commercially known as Sun
Cellular) are collaborating with PLDT while Globe Telecom has
acquired Bayan
Telecommunications (commonly
known as Bayan Tel or Bayan).
These telecommunication
companies use high-speed fiber-
optic cables to transmit data. But
no one actually owns "the Internet."
Large internet service providers
own infrastructure through which
internet is delivered. Today,
according to the 2018 Global
Digital suite of reports from We Are
Social and Hootsuite, there are
more than 4 billion people
anywhere in the world connecting
to the internet for various reasons.
Some of the uses are illustrated in
Figure 3.1.
The Internet: Then and Now

Even though today's internet bears little resemblance to its

forebear of almost 50 years ago, it still functions in basically the
same way. The internet has evolved into something different
from the special-purpose, restricted-use network its planners
originally envisioned it to be (Norton, 2012). The Internet started
from the Advanced Research Projects Agency's Wide Area
Network which is called the ARPANET. This was established by
the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s so that the
military's research unit could collaborate or partner with
business and government laboratories.
 Figure 3.2 Before it became
known as the Internet, ARPA's
network served universities,
defense contractors, and a few
government agencies. Source:
https://www.timetoast.com/timelin
es/computer-history-timeline--67

Afterwards, other universities and U.S. institutions were connected to

ARPANET that resulted in the growth of ARPANET different from
everyone's expectations. ARPANET then attained the name of
"Internet." The advancement of hypertext-based technology known as
World Wide Web, WWW, or just simply as the Web has provided the
channels for displaying text, graphics, animations, etc. Its other
features of enabling easy search and offering navigation tools
prompted the internet's unpredictable worldwide growth.
The Internet2 Environment: Future Empowerment
Internet2 is a not-for-profit networking consortium founded in 1996 by
34 university research institutions in the U.S. It provides a collaborative
environment where U.S. research and education organizations work
together and develop advanced technologies and innovative solutions
such as telemedicine, digital libraries, and virtual laboratories to assist
education, research, and community development. Internet2 manages
the Internet2 Network, a next-generation optical and internet protocol
network that is capable of delivering enhanced network services and is
better, faster, and more efficient than the typical internet or broadband
connections. Internet2 maintains a secure network testing and research
environment. It began operating the Internet2 DCN (dynamic circuit
network), an advanced technology that allows user-based allocation of
data circuits over the fiber-optic network.
As of May 2016, this community comprises 317 U.S. higher education
institutions, 81 corporations, 64 affiliates and affiliate members, 43
regional and state education networks, and more than 65 national
research and education networking partners representing over 100
countries. The Philippines, via the Philippine Research, Education and
Government Information Network (PREGINET), is among the
international peers reachable via Trans-Eurasia Information Network
(TEIN), one of the Internet?'s peering relationships. Just in August 2017,
a national training course on nuclear neurology was held in which
nationwide webcast among hospitals was made possible through the
high-speed connectivity provided by PREGINET and the video
conference server hosted locally at the Department of Science and
Technology-Advanced Science and Technology Institute (DOST-ASTI).
By supporting telemedicine or telehealth in the country, this information
infrastructure, therefore, enables Philippine hospitals to keep abreast of
new medical diagnostics and world-class treatment options without
having to travel abroad.
Internet Today: Still Growing
Today, the internet connects thousands of networks and billions of
users around the world. The number of internet users as of January
2018 is 4.021 billion which means that more than half of the world's
population is now online as revealed by We Are Social and
Hootsuite in their 2018 Global Digital suite of reports. Despite this
huge number, the internet has no central ownership. It means that
no single person or group controls the network. Although there are
several organizations (such as The Internet Society and the World
Wide Web Consortium) that propose standards for internet-related
technologies and guidelines for its appropriate use, these
organizations almost universally support the internet's openness
and lack of centralized control.
As a result, the internet is open to anyone who can
access it. If one can use a computer and if the computer
is connected to the internet, he or she is free not only to
use the resources posted by others, but also to create
resources of his or her own; that is, the internet user can
publish documents on the World Wide Web, exchange
email messages with other users, and perform many
others task.
Jobs the Internet Can Do
Internet users may wonder about the jobs that the internet can
do. However, there is only one simple job that the internet
does, and it is to move, transfer, or assign a computerized
information from one place to another. This information can be
in the form of text documents, images, audio, video, and
software programs, among others. All this information is known
as data. The internet can handle different kinds of information
and assist people to perform various jobs-from the simple
tasks of handling of email, searching on websites, and sending
chat messages to the more sophisticated function of creating
websites and programming possible through various software
programs.
How Data Travels the Internet
Data and information are transferred around the world through wired or wireless
transmission media. In the Philippines, the transmission media that make up the
internet backbone allow information or data exchanges between networks at
several locations across the country, such as La Union in the northern part, and
Batangas, Cavite, and Davao down south. The high-speed equipment in these
sites functions similarly to a highway interchange. Data is transferred from one
network to another until it reaches its final destination (see Figure 3.4). Much of
internet runs on the ordinary public telephone network. However, there is a big
difference between how a telephone call works and how the internet carries
data. For example, friend A gives friend B a telephone call; the telephone then
opens a direct connection (also known as the circuit) between friend A's home
and friend B's home. In this scenario, a direct line can be pictured out, running
along miles of cable, from friend A's telephone to friend B's telephone. As long
as the two friends are over the telephone, that connection or circuit stays open
between the two telephones. This method of linking the telephones together is
called circuit switching.
What Computers Do on the Internet
Computers do different jobs on the internet. Some computers work
like electronic filing cabinets that store information and send it
when clients request so. These are called servers. A server is a
computer that is designed to process any requests for data and
delivers data to other client computers over a local network or the
internet. A client is a computer or device that gets information from
a server. Any computer running with special software can function
as a server, and servers have different roles to play. A computer
that holds the user accounts, computer accounts, organizational
units, and application services is called the Active Directory
Domain Services (AD DS).
Another machine that helps the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) server is a server that configures IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
specifically in giving names to each IP address up to its root recognition
which is called domain name system (DNS) server. Another machine that
holds and manages documents is known as the file server while the other
one that holds users' mail services and Web services is referred to as
Web Server II. A device that connects printers to client computers through
the internet is called a print server. It accepts print jobs from the
computers, queues these jobs, and sends them to the appropriate
printers. Besides clients and servers, the internet is made up of a
hardware device designed to receive, analyze, and send incoming
packets to another network. This is called router. Having several computer
devices both at home and in school, you probably have a router that
connects all of your devices to the internet. The router can be compared to
a simple mailbox placed at the corner of a street and which represents
your single point of entry to the worldwide network.
The World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW) is referred to as the collection of public websites
that are connected to the internet worldwide, together with the client computers
which include personal computers, laptops, iPads, and cellular phones that
access its content. Web Technologies The WWW is considered to be one of the
applications in the internet and computer networks. This is based on three
fundamental technologies that are said to be part of the WWW development: •
Hypertext markup language (HTML) - is a standard markup language used for
creating web pages. HTML is classified as the set of markup symbols or codes
appended in a file intended for presentation on a World Wide Web browser page.
• Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) - is classified as the set of standards allowing
users of the World Wide Web to interchange information seen on web pages. Port
80 is the standard port for HTTP connections. • Web servers and web browsers -
is a software application for recovering, presenting, and navigating information
resources on the World Wide Web. There are different browser applications that
are currently used in the WWW such as Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome, Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and more.
The World Wide Web Today
Last March 12, 2017, WWW turned 28 years, a milestone that recalls the invention of the
WWW which has changed humanity forever, and developed a new virtual world within a
generation. There are known websites that enhanced their features in terms of design and
development style to adapt to the speedily growing techniques of the users' way of
retrieving the Web from large screen computers to small-sereen mobile phones. It is
observed and shown that the way the Web works is reasonably simple having its four basic
stages: connection, request, response, and close. The first stage is where many users
access the browsers such as Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox (some
of the most used browsers) to connect to the Web server. Browsers work by using a unique
protocol known as the HTTP which demands a particular programmed text from the web
server. The text is actually written in HTML format that informs the browser on how it will
display the text on the user's screen. Different technical terms are used in explaining how
the Web works. One of the most important terms to know is the uniform resource locators
(URLs) which is sorted as the internet address. A URL contains four parts, namely the
protocol identifier which indicates the protocol to use, the domain name which specifies the
IP address where the resource is located, the path, and the file name (Mitchell, 2017).
According to W3Counter, a free unit counter that offers website analytics, Chrome is the
most used web browser with (60.6% share) as of March 2018. Among other web browsers
in the list are Safari (15.4%), Internet Explorer and Edge (7.6%), Firefox (7.2%), and Opera
(2.9%).
Searching for Information on the Web
A website is maintained by its owner, called a web administrator. The owner
can modify the website content as well as add new information in it. However,
no single organization controls additions, deletions, and changes to all
websites. This means there is no single repository for all the websites found
on the internet. Several companies, however, maintain organized directories
of websites to help people find information about specific topics (Shelly,
Cashma, & Vermaat, 2011). There are two mainly managed search tools that
people use in locating information on the web: subject directories and search
engines. Subject directories are developed and maintained by human editors
and not by electronic spiders or robots that are used to fetch web pages
automatically. A search engine, on the other hand, uses small programs
called spiders or bots (like Googlebot, Yahoo Slurp, and MSNbot) that polish
the internet, follow links, and return information to the search engine's
indicator.
If you enter a phrase with spaces between the words in the search text,
most search engines return links to pages that include all of the words.
There are several techniques that can be used to improve web searches
such as:
• Using specific words and placing the most important terms first in the
search text or phrase
• Using quotation marks to create exact phrases this helps the search
engine find what it is looking for by using the exact sequence of words
• Listing all possible spellings, for example, organization and organization
In addition to searching for web pages, many search engines allow
searching for images, news articles, and various reports in different formats.
One of the most popular search engines now is Google. Below is an overview
of some of the most useful Google search tricks released in 2016, from basic
tips to new features.
1. Use quotes to search for an exact phrase - By typing in double-quotes (") at
the start and end for a certain word or phrase, Google will provide the exact
word or phrasing you need.
2. Use an asterisk within quotes to specify unknown or variable words - the
asterisk symbol (*) will provide possibilities. It is helpful, for example, if you
are trying to determine a song from its lyrics, but you forgot some of the
words or if you are trying to complete a sentence, but could not remember
what it was.
3. Use the minus sign to eliminate results containing certain words - While the
asterisk gives you possibilities, the minus sign (-) eliminates results of
certain words. Just type the minus sign prior to the word you do not want to
include in the search.
4. Search websites for keywords - You can specify certain content, format, or files
you want Google search to provide. For instance, if you want to specifically
search for PDF files regarding a certain topic, simply type the keyword PDF
followed by a colon symbol) and the topic you are searching for.
5. Compare using "vs" - By using the "vs" or "versus" between two words you
want to compare, Google will provide an in-depth analysis of the two words,
such as pointing out similarities and differences.
6. Use "DEFINE:" to search for the meaning of words slang included - The
"DEFINE:" keyword provides a dictionary definition of a word. Also, you will be
able to see etymology and a graph of its use over time.
7. Search images using images - Using your mobile device's camera, you can
search for images online by going to Google Images, activating your camera
phone and taking a picture of the image you are searching for. Google will
provide you with similar images on the web.
CHAPTER KEY POINTS
The Internet started with the so-called ARPANET which was established by the
U.S. Department of Defense in the 1960s so that the military's research unit
can collaborate or partner with business and government laboratories.
 Circuit switching and packet switching are the two modes of data transmission.
Existing for almost three decades, the World Wide Web or WWW has
developed a new virtual world within a generation.
 Some websites have enhanced features to adapt to the speedily growing
techniques of the user's way of retrieving the Web from large screen computers
to small-screen mobile phones.
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