Ce24 Lesson 2

MASONRY
CHAPTER - 2
MASONRY
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
 Primarily used in construction of walls

 Popularly known as CHB
 Load bearing and Non-Bearing Blocks
 Standard CHB has three void cells
Estimation of materials
 By Fundamental Methods
 By the Area Methods
EXAMPLE
A concrete hollow block wall has a
general dimension of 3.00 meters high by 4.00
meters long. Determine the number of CHB to
construct the wall.
ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR
 Cement mortar is a mixture of cement, sand

and water.
 It is used as a bonding material
 Things to be considered when estimating:
 The mortar to be used in between the layer of
CHB
 The mortar filler for the cell of the blocks
 Fine screen sand for plastering
 There are 3 solutions offered in finding the

cement mortar for CHB installation.
 By volume method
 By the Area Method
 Per hundred block method
CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING
 Estimating the cement mortar for plastering

can be done by:
 The Volume Method
 The Area Method
EXAMPLE:
Continuing the problem of illustration 2-1,
find the cement and sand necessary to plaster two
sides of the 3.00 x 4.00 meters wall.
EXAMPLE:
Continuing the problem of illustration 2-1
Figure 2-2, determine how many bags of
cement and sand needed to install the 150
pieces 10 x 20 x 40 cm. CHB using class “B”
mortar.
ESTIMATING MORTAR CEMENT
CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
FOOTING
 Supports the concrete hollow block wall
EXAMPLE:
From the following figure, prepare the bill of
materials using class “B” mixture for concrete and
mortar.
FOOTING
FOOTING
COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS
BETWEEN RC WALL AND CHB WALL
OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
 The standard common types of hollow blocks are

those with three hollow cores. However, there are
various type of blocks and these blocks are
especially designed for architectural and
structural purposes namely the stretcher block,
the L-corner block, the single end block, the half
block and the beam block.
 These blocks are made to create a wider core to accommodate concrete and
steel reinforcement.
 Estimating method is similar with the standard type of blocks.
 Side portion is only considered when estimating the quantity of concrete
hollow blocks. Thickness is only used in computing the cement mortar for
block laying.
 Concrete hollow blocks are introduced to avoid the much used of form
lumber for housing projects.
 Using concrete in block laying work is more economical than using cement
mortar because of the higher cement content in proportion with sand and
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
 These hollow blocks are manufactured from

either cement mortar or clay. These types of
construction materials had been widely used
for VENTILATION AND DECORATIVE
PURPOSES.
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
ADOBE STONE
ADOBE STONE
 Commonly used for fencing materials as substitute to

concrete hollow blocks for economic reasons.
 Later on, it is also used as finishing and decorative
materials for exterior and interior of buildings and other
structures.
 It minimizes the use of mortar filler if it is used in fences,
buttresses, cross-footing, and stairs unlike in working
ADOBE STONE
ADOBE STONE
ADOBE STONE
RETAINING WALL
 The practical use of gravity retaining wall is controlled by

height limitations due to the effect of the triangular soil
pressure distributed behind the retaining wall.
 The combined effect of soil and water pressure causes
overturning moments and sliding forces.
 A weep hole or collector drainage system is provided to
avoid the rise of water that is building up behind the
retaining wall.
RETAINING WALL
 Satisfactory Retaining Wall Design

1. The base and stem of the retaining wall must be capable
of resisting the internal shear and bending moments
developing as a result of soil and other loadings.
2. The wall must be safe against overturning.
3. The wall structure must be safe against sliding.
4. The bearing capacity of the foundation material
supporting the wall must not be exceeded.
Rip rap and grouted rip rap
 riprap is either with or without grout, with

or without filter backing
Class of stone for rip raping
Class A- stone ranging from 15 to 25 kilograms with at

least 50% of the stones weighing more than 20
kilograms
Class B- stone ranging from 30 to 70 kg. with at least 50%
of the stones weighing more than 50 kilograms
Class C- stones ranging from 60 to 100 kg. with at least
50% of the stones weighing more than 80 kilograms
Class D- stones weighing from 100 to 200 kg. with at least
50% of the stones weighing more than 150 kilograms
Excavation and Placing
The bed for rip rap is excavated down to the

required depth and properly compacted.
Each stone is laid with its longest axis
perpendicular to the slope in close contact with
adjacent stone.
The stones are placed by hand or individually laid
by machine. spaces between stones are then filled
with cement mortar sufficient enough to
completely fill all the voids except the face surface
of the stones left exposed
Cement grout
• Is placed starting from bottom to the top of

the surface and then swept with a stiff
broom. After grouting the surface is cured
like structural concrete for a period of at least
3 days after installation
Quantity of cement and sand on a stone rip rap per cubic meter
Cement in bags
Stone Sand
Grout mixture
Class Cu. m.
A B C
Class A 2.574 1.716 1.287 .143
Class B 2.448 1.620 1.214 .135
Class C 2.232 1.488 1.116 .124
Class D 1.944 1.296 0.972 .106

Concrete retaining wall
An existing stable earth slope can

experience significant movement
called slope failure or landslide due
to changes in its natural condition or
man included changes
Gabions and mattress
 Are used to give permanent protection and

support to sea walls, river banks, culvert,
reservoirs, road bridges and many other
structures in civil engineering works.
 Gabions are box shaped containers made of
tough woven hexagonal netting
strengthened by selveged of heavier wires
END OF DISCUSSION =)

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MASONRY

 Primarily used in construction of walls

 Cement mortar is a mixture of cement, sand

 There are 3 solutions offered in finding the

 Estimating the cement mortar for plastering

 The standard common types of hollow blocks are

 These hollow blocks are manufactured from

 Commonly used for fencing materials as substitute to

 The practical use of gravity retaining wall is controlled by

 Satisfactory Retaining Wall Design

 riprap is either with or without grout, with

Class A- stone ranging from 15 to 25 kilograms with at

The bed for rip rap is excavated down to the

• Is placed starting from bottom to the top of

Class A 2.574 1.716 1.287 .143

Class B 2.448 1.620 1.214 .135

Class C 2.232 1.488 1.116 .124

Class D 1.944 1.296 0.972 .106

An existing stable earth slope can

 Are used to give permanent protection and

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