Process Modeling: - Slide 1

Process Modeling
Slide 1 .
Key Definitions
A process model is a formal way of representing how a business operates Data flow diagramming shows business processes and the data that flows between them
Slide 2
Key Definitions
Logical process models describe processes without suggesting how they are conducted Physical models include information about how the processes are implemented
Slide 3
Data Flow Diagrams
Slide 4
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis & Haley Wixom, Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reading a DFD
Slide 5
DFD Elements
Slide 6
DFD Shapes from Visio

Visio 5.x
From Flow Chart / Data Flow Diagram From Software Diagram / Gane-Sarson DFD
ID #
Visio 2000
From Flow Chart / Data Flow Diagram
Process
Process Process
Data Store
Data Store 1 Data Store
ID #
External Entity
External Entity
External Entity
Slide 7
Structured English
Common Statements Action Statement Example Profits = Revenues - Expenses Generate Inventory - Report Add Product record to Product Data Store IF Customer Not in Customer Data Store THEN Add Customer record to Customer Data Store ELSE Add Current-Sale to Customers Total-Sales Update Customer record in Customer Data Store FOR all Customers in Customer Data Store Generate a new line in the Customer-Report Add Customers Total-Sales to Report-Total CASE
If Statement
For Statement
Case Statement
If Income < 10,000: Marginal-tax-rate If Income < 20,000: Marginal-tax-rate If Income < 30,000: Marginal-tax-rate If Income < 40,000: Marginal-tax-rate ELSE Marginal-tax-rate = 38% ENDCASE
= = = =
10% 20% 31% 35%
Slide 8
Key Definition
Decomposition is the process of modeling the system and its components in increasing levels of detail. Balancing involves insuring that information presented at one level of a DFD is accurately represented in the next level DFD.
Slide 9
Context Diagram
Shows the context into which the business process fits Shows the overall business process as just one process Shows all the outside entities that receive information from or contribute information to the system
Slide 10
Relationship Among DFD levels
Slide 11
Decomposition Diagram
Slide 12
Level 0 Diagram
Shows all the processes that comprise the overall system Shows how information moves from and to each process Adds data stores
Slide 13
Level 1 Diagrams
Shows all the processes that comprise a single process on the level 0 diagram Shows how information moves from and to each of these processes Shows in more detail the content of higher level process Level 1 diagrams may not be needed for all level 0 processes
Slide 14
Level 2 Diagrams
Shows all processes that comprise a single process on the level 1 diagram Shows how information moves from and to each of these processes Level 2 diagrams may not be needed for all level 1 processes Correctly numbering each process helps the user understand where the process fits into the overall system
Slide 15
Data Flow Splits and Joins

A data flow split shows where a flow is broken into its component parts for use in separate processes Data flow splits need not be mutually exclusive nor use all the data from the parent flow As we move to lower levels we become more precise about the data flows A data flow join shows where components are merged to describe a more comprehensive flow
Slide 16
Alternative Data Flows

Where a process can produce different data given different conditions We show both data flows and use the process description to explain why they are alternatives Tip -- alternative data flows often accompany processes with IF statements
Slide 17
Your Turn
At this point in the process it is easy to lose track of the big picture. Describe the difference between data flows, data stores, and processes. Describe in your own words the relationship between the DFD and the ultimate new application being developed.
Slide 18
Creating Use Cases
Slide 19
Elements of a Use Case

Trigger -- event that causes the scenario to begin
External trigger Temporal trigger
All possible inputs and outputs Individual steps

Show sequential order Show conditional steps
Slide 20
Scenario Template (Use Case)

Scenario Description
Scenario Name: Short Description: Trigger: _______________________________________________________________ Type: External / Temporal Major Inputs: Description ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ Major Steps Performed Source ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ Major Outputs: Description _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Destination ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ID Number: _ __
Information for Steps
This template can be downloaded from the course download page.

Slide 21
Creating Data Flow Diagrams
Slide 22
Integrating Scenario Descriptions

DFDs generally integrate scenario descriptions Names of use cases become processes Names of inputs and outputs become data flows Combining small data inputs and outputs into a single flow
Slide 23
Steps in Building DFDs

Build the context diagram Create DFD fragments for each scenario Organize DFD fragments into level 0 Decompose level 0 DFDs as needed Validate DFDs with user
Slide 24
DFD Fragment Tips

All process names must be verb phrases Maintain organizations viewpoint in naming processes Layouts often place processes in the center inputs from the left outputs to the right stores beneath the processes
Slide 25
A DFD Fragment Example
Slide 26
DFD Common Errors

Black Hole Gray Hole
Miracle
Slide 27
DFD Packet Concept

Te le phone Service Prov ider
Itemized calls & invoice
Correct use of the packet concept
Incorrect use of the packet concept

Itemized calls
1 Pay phone bill
Invoice
Slide 28
A Second DFD Fragment Example
Slide 29
Level 0 Tips
Generally move from top to bottom, left to right Minimize crossed lines Iterate as needed
The DFD is often drawn many times before it is finished, even with very experienced systems analysts
Slide 30
Composite & Elementary Flows
Slide 31
Tips for Level 1 and Below

Sources for inputs and outputs listed at higher level List source and destination of data flows to processes and stores within each DFD Depth of DFD depends on overall system complexity Two processes generally dont need lower level More than seven processes become overly complex and difficult to read
Slide 32
Flows to & from Data Stores
Slide 33
Illegal Data Flows
Slide 34
Validating the DFD

Syntax errors Assure correct DFD structure Semantics errors Assure accuracy of DFD relative to actual/desired business processes User walkthroughs Role-play processes Examine lowest level DFDs Examine names carefully
Slide 35
More on Use Cases, Requirements, Projects
Slide 36
How should we gather requirements? Use cases?

1. Use cases hold functional requirements
in an easy-to-read text format 2. They make a good framework for nonfunctional requirements & project details. 3. Use cases show only the Functional reqts. 4. Design is not done only in use case units.
Slide 37
A use case collects related scenarios of a users goal succeeding or failing

UC 4: Place an order Main scenario: 1. User identifies the customer, item and quantity. 2. System accepts and queues the order. Extensions: 1a. Low credit: Customer is Preferred... 1b. Low credit & not Preferred customer: ... 2a. Low on stock: Customer accepts reduced...
Slide 38
What sort of a use case fits your project: Fully Dressed, ...?
Use Case 12. Buy stocks over the web
Primary Actor: Purchaser (user) Scope: PAF Level: user goal Precondition: User already has PAF open. Guarantees: sufficient log information exists that PAF can detect what went wrong. Success Guarantees: remote web site acknowledged purchase, user's portfolio updated. Main success scenario: 1. User selects to buy stocks over the web. 2. PAF gets name of web site to use (E*Trade, Schwabb, etc.) 3. PAF opens web connection to the site, retaining control. 4. User browses and buys stock from the web site. 5. PAF intercepts responses from the web site, and updates the user's portfolio.
6. PAF shows the user the new portfolio standing.

Extensions: 2a. User wants a web site PAF does not support: 2a1. System gets new suggestion from user, with option to cancel use case.
Slide 39
3a. ...
What sort of a use case fits your project: ..., Casual, ...?
Use Case: Buy something

The Requestor initiates a request and sends it to her or his Approver, who completes the request for submission and sends it to the Buyer. The Buyer finds the best vendor, initiates PO with Vendor. At any time prior to receiving goods, Requestor can change or cancel the request. Canceling it removes it from any active processing.
Slide 40
What sort of a use case fits your project: ..., or Brief?

Actor
Production Staff
...
Brief Description Prepare digital Convert external digital data to cartographic standard format, validate & source correct in preparation for merging with operational database.
Goal
...
...
Answer is, of course... What are your projects Priorities and Communication Channels?
Slide 41
Use cases do not collect formulae, state, cardinality, performance, uptime, ...
Examples:
1. Order cost = order item costs * 1.06 tax
2. Promotions may not run longer than 6 months. 3. Customers only become Preferred after ... 4. A customer has one and only one sales contact. 5. Response time is ... 6. Uptime requirement is ... 7. Number of simultaneous users will be ... Capture those in any form available (just a tool problem)
Slide 42
Goals make a good structure on which to hang requirements & project details.
Project planning capitalizes on goal structure: Useable Releases. Priorities, Schedule, staffing Name Update customer Generate invoice Funds transfer Scan products
Slide 43
P. Actor Customer Finance Finance Customer
Pr. high high med high
Diff. med high high high
Rel 1 3 4 1
Tm .. .. .. ..
Use the scenarios directly to Design and Test the system.

What if...?
Scenarios
Knows how to...
Knows how to... Knows how to...
Slide 44
Summary
The Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is an essential tool for creating formal descriptions of business processes and data flows. Use cases record the input, transformation, and output of business processes. Eliciting scenario descriptions and modeling business processes are critically important skills for the systems analyst to master.
Slide 45

Process Modeling: - Slide 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Process Modeling: - Slide 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Process Modeling: - Slide 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Process Modeling

Data Flow Diagrams

DFD Shapes from Visio

10% 20% 31% 35%

Relationship Among DFD levels

Data Flow Splits and Joins

Alternative Data Flows

Creating Use Cases

Elements of a Use Case

All possible inputs and outputs Individual steps

Scenario Template (Use Case)

Information for Steps

This template can be downloaded from the course download page.

Creating Data Flow Diagrams

Integrating Scenario Descriptions

Steps in Building DFDs

DFD Fragment Tips

A DFD Fragment Example

DFD Common Errors

DFD Packet Concept

Correct use of the packet concept

Incorrect use of the packet concept

1 Pay phone bill

A Second DFD Fragment Example

Composite & Elementary Flows

Tips for Level 1 and Below

Flows to & from Data Stores

Illegal Data Flows

Validating the DFD

More on Use Cases, Requirements, Projects

How should we gather requirements? Use cases?

A use case collects related scenarios of a users goal succeeding or failing

6. PAF shows the user the new portfolio standing.

Use Case: Buy something

What sort of a use case fits your project: ..., or Brief?

P. Actor Customer Finance Finance Customer

Pr. high high med high

Diff. med high high high

Use the scenarios directly to Design and Test the system.

Knows how to...

Knows how to... Knows how to...

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.