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Chapter 7

HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF
GENDER
CONSCIOUSNESS
The 19th and Early 20th Century Histories Of Women

The book of the City of Ladies by a French writer, Christine de Pisan in 1945 began the
presentation of women and femininity in history of mankind. This has entered into the
academic community and many scholars joined. Many debates and intellectual discussions
cropped out which revolved around the moral value of women and feminism.

The earliest history of women in the topmost layers of society includes Joan of Arc. With
the French Revolution, there arose the women's role in the society, like chronicler
Stephanie de Genlis, Historian Laure d'Abrantes, the Strickland sisters Elizabeth and
Agnes.

In the Philippines, we have Gabriela Silang, Tandang Sora, Melchora Aquino, Nanay Isay
of Panay, whose minds were ahead of their time and never compromised their visions for
women's empowerment, liberation and nation building.
Through the travel and investigative writing about the social
lives of the people they visited, Dutch travelers Betje Wolff and
Aagje Deken as well as Joanna Schopenhauer, Albertine
Clément-Hémery, Ida Hahn-Hahn, and Lady Morgan had
made some important contributions from the 1780s to 1850
(Age of Enlightenment) for the promotion of women's welfare.

Many of the historians believed that only by studying women's


activities could one achieve a clear understanding of the social
fabric. Sarah Taylor Austin, German historian, once said, by
understanding the history of women could one understand the
important social underpinnings of political rule.
Through the efforts of these women historians, their works
marked an important shift in women's history, in asserting
women's moral worth and social contribution that women had
made.

Another Feminist historian, Alice Stopford Green who was


working with her husband, J. R. Green, both engaged in
nationalistic study of society especially the Irish people and their
struggle for social and economic justice under English
dominance.

Active women's movement advocates include: Lina Eckenstein,


Eileen Power, Julia Cartwright and Margaret Oliphant of the
United States of America and Great Britain.
WOMEN'S HISTORIES AFTER 1960
In 1963, E.P. Thompsons published the book; Making of the English Class
which focused on the male laborers only, and shed light to feminist activism.

Late in the 1960s Professor of women's history at the University of Toronto,


Natalie Zemon Davis and Jill Conway produced a lengthy bibliography of
women. This led to the beginnings of a professionalized research agenda in
the social history of European women.

Feminist writers, Simone de Beauvoir and Betty Friedan (1970s) made a


grounded detailed examination and classified the women in different group
which
include: married women, lesbians, housewives, old women, among others.

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Meanwhile, Cissie Fairchilds and Theresa McBride focused their studies on
the interactions of women servants and middle-class women in England and
France. They found out that social advancement is possible in domestic labor.

On the other hand, studies on factory women has blossomed. English


historians, Jill Liddington and Jill Norris explored on women textile factory
workers and found them politically active and socially aware.

In 1984, Rose Glickman published her work, Russian Factory Women which
described the divergent work from mixed agricultural and manufacturing
industries.

The social history of European women and femininity has been a fertile field
of innovations on gender consciousness, advancement of women's' rights and
propagation of women's contribution to socioeconomic political development.
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DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER CONSCIOUSNESS
The consciousness towards equality of all peoples without disparity of sex, race,
status, color, age and nationality come into open through the efforts of men and
women in the United Nations (UN). In the United Nations Charter of 1945 and
the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, it established the first
official worldwide recognition of women; equality and non-discrimination on the
basis of sex.

In 1974, the First World Conference for Women was held in Mexico City. The
result of the conference was the promotion of Women in Development (WID)
approach which emphasized women's right to development, recognition of
women's economic role in national economies and above all, giving voices to
women in developing countries.

The concept of gender emerged with the influential work in 1970 by Ester
Boserup where she challenged women as passive participants in the
development. To acknowledge the contributions of working women, she called 7
When the WID approach was winding due to it”s add
women and stir method, it was replaced by Women and
Development approach which emphasized the need for
structural changes in the global political economy.

In the late 1980s, Gender and Development (GAD)


replace the Women in Development approach. GAD is
now focusing on larger inequalities and unequal
relations prevailing in the society. GAD is calling for a
deeper understanding on the socially constructed biases
on gender and its impacts on relationship between men
and women. GAD advocates believe on the
transformation of the system into gender equality and
achieving people-centered development.
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In 1995, 4th World Conference on Women in Beijing was held. The said conference
(known as the Beijing Platform for Action) was the most influential conference to date.
The Beijing Platform for Action significantly includes - establishing mechanisms to
promote women's rights including national action plans, gender strategies and legal
frameworks.

In 2000, the United Nations Millennium Declaration commits to reducing gender


inequalities. As stipulated in the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 3 which called
for the promotion of gender equality and women's empowerment.

Its indicators include:


(1) the ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education;
(2) the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector; and
(3) the proportion of seats held by women in national parliament.

"Gender equality is essential element in the attainment of social transformation and


sustainable development.

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FILIPINA WOMEN

During the Spanish colonization in the


country, we have a pretty good account
about women's progressive outlook
being partner of men in nation building.
The 20 Malolos women petitioned to
Governor-General Valeriano Wyler for
the opening of a night school for
women. This is a very good example of
women empowerment.

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Perhaps, Dr. Jose Rizal was impressed by the action of the
women of Malolos, Bulacan for he made a long answer when
asked about it. Dr.
Gregorio Zaide (2000) gave 5 salient points about Rizal's reply to
the letter;
1. Filipino mothers should teach their children love of God, country
and fellowmen.
2. Filipino mothers should be glad and honored, like Spartan
mothers, to offer their sons in defense of their country.
3. Filipino women should know how to protect their dignity and
honor.
4. Filipino women should educate themselves aside from retaining
their goodracial values.
5. Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing religious pictures.
It is living the real Christian way with good morals and manners. 11
Today, these qualities are gradually lost in the life of the Filipina. The mothers forget
their roles in rearing their children because of the overriding idea to earn for the
family or to supplement their husband's income. They are usually called, working
mothers. Some of them become successful in their career lives but are failures in their
married life and sometimes their children are drop outs.

Although there is nothing wrong about working hard for the family, there must always
be a balance in the way people go through life. Any failure in the home cannot be
compensated for by any amount of wealth or fame gained from hard work.
We have a lot more to count. We have Gabriela Silang - "Ilocos Joan of Arc”,
She took over the leadership of the revolution when her husband was captured. She
led the troops and became the female leader in fighting for the liberation in llocandia.

Nanay Isa (Teresa Magbanua) of Panay known as "Visayan Joan of Arc".

She was a school teacher, wife and leader of the troop of the Panay-based Katipunan.

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Concepcion Felix de Calderon - notable Feminist who established
Asociacion Feminista Filipina in 1905 and initiated the Catholic Women
movement, named Catolica de Mujeres.

Reinabelle 'Dr. Reina' Reyes - Filipina Astrophysicist.


She proved Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity in a cosmic scale in 2010 during
her Ph.D. studies in the United States.

Liza Maza - Activist, lead convenor of National Anti-Poverty Commission


(NAPC).
A party list representative- Gabriela Women's Party.

Ma. Victoria "Marivic" T. Lualhati - Recipient: Most Influential Filipina Woman


in the World award from the Filipina Women's Network (FWN), 2019.

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thank you

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