Breaking System

AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
UNIT-IV
BRAKING SYSTEM
Presented by
Dr. B.J.M.Rao
Department of Mechanical Engineering
BRAKING SYSTEM
Brakes are one of the most important control component of the vehicle.
They contribute very much in the running and control of the vehicle.
The braking system used most frequently operates hydraulically, by pressure

applied through a liquid. Those are the foot operated brakes that the driver
normally uses to slow or stop the car. They are called the service brakes
In addition all cars have a parking brake system which is mechanically

operated by a separate hank lever
In an automobile vehicle, a braking system is an arrangement of various
linkages and components (brake lines or mechanical linkages, brake drum or
brake disc , master cylinder or fulcrums etc) that are arranged in such a
fashion that it converts the vehicle's kinetic energy into the heat energy which
in turn stops or de accelerate the vehicle.
The conversion of kinetic energy into heat energy is a function of frictional

force generated by the frictional contact between brake shoes and moving
drum or disc of a braking system.
Need of a Braking System
• To stop the moving vehicle.
• To de accelerate the moving vehicle.
• For stable parking of a vehicle either on a flat surface or on a slope.
• As a precaution for accidents.
• To prevent the vehicle from any damage due to road conditions.

Classification of Braking System
• Mechanical braking system

• Hydraulic braking system
• Air or pneumatic braking system
• Vacuum braking system
• Magnetic braking system
• Electric braking system
Mechanical braking system
Mechanical braking system
Mechanical Brakes
It is the type of braking system in which the brake force applied by the
driver on the brake pedal is transferred to the final brake drum or disc rotor
through the various mechanical linkages like cylindrical rods, fulcrums,
springs etc. In order to de accelerate or stop the vehicle.
Mechanical brakes were used in various old automobile vehicles but they
are obsolete now days due to their less effectiveness.
On the basis of the final friction contact made between the rotating brake
components i.e. brake drum or disc rotor and the brake shoe the braking
systems are of 2 types-
• Internal expanding brakes (e.g.- drum brakes)
• External contracting brakes(e.g. disc brakes)

Hydraulic Brakes
It is the type of braking system in which the brake force applied by the driver
on brake pedal is first converted into hydraulic pressure by master cylinder (for
reference read article on master cylinder) than this hydraulic pressure from
master cylinder is transferred to the final brake drum or disc rotor through
brake lines.
nstead of mechanical linkages, brake fluid is used in hydraulic brakes for the
transmission of brake pedal force in order to stop or de accelerates the
vehicle.Almost all the bikes and cars on the road today are equipped with the
hydraulic braking system due to it high effectiveness and high brake force
generating capability.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRAULIC BRAKING SYSTE
ADVANTAGES:
• Equal braking effort to all the four wheels
• The system is simple in construction
• Less rate of wear
• The system is mostly self – lubrication
• Increased braking effort
• High mechanical advantage
Disadvantages:
Even slight leakage of air into the braking system it will not work
MASTER CYLINDER
• the master cylinder is a control device that converts force (commonly from a
driver's foot) into hydraulic pressure. This device controls slave cylinders
located at the other end of the hydraulic brake system.
• As piston(s) move along the bore of the master cylinder, this movement is
transferred through the hydraulic fluid, to result in a movement of the slave
cylinder(s).
• The hydraulic pressure created by moving a piston (inside the bore of the
master cylinder) toward the slave cylinder(s) compresses the fluid evenly,
but by varying the comparative surface area of the master cylinder and each
slave cylinder, one can vary the amount of force and displacement applied to
each slave cylinder, relative to the amount of force and displacement applied
to the master cylinder.
MASTER CYLINDER
The master cylinder is connected by tubing to the wheel cylinder at each of the
four wheels. The system is filled with liquid under light pressure when the
brakes are not operating.
The brake pedal is connected to master cylinder piston by means of piston rod.
When brakes are to be applied, the driver depress the pedal of the piston is
forced into the master cylinder this increases the pressure of the fluid in the
master cylinder, this fluid goes to wheel cylinder and activating wheel cylinder
pistons.
A hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses
brake fluid, typically containing glycol ethers or diethylene glycol, to
transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking
mechanism.
MASTER CYLINDER
he brake master cylinder is one of the most important components found

on modern car braking systems. It serves as the main valve that pushes brake
fluid through the brake lines so that the brake calipers can squeeze the pads
against the rotors
TANDEM MASTER CYLINDER
In tandem master cylinder two pistons have been fitted in line with each other.
If line A fails line B will work
WHEEL CYLINDER
Wheel cylinder is the second important component of the hydraulic brake

system it contains two pistons which are move in opposite direction by the
fluid pressure.
Application of Different Types of Braking
• Mechanical brakes- Cars like Ford Model Y and bikes like Bajaj pulsar 180cc.
• Hydraulic brakes- Modern cars like Maruti Suzuki swift and bikes like KTM
Duke 390.
• Air brakes – Volvo buses and various heavy vehicles
• Vacuum brakes- old trains
• Magnetic brakes- Bugati veyron and various hyper cars.
• Electric braking- Tesla Model S Use regenerative type electric braking.
• Drum brake- Old Maruti 800 and Tata 407
• Disc brake- All modern cars like Hyundai i20.
• Hand brake and foot brake– All automobile vehicles.
• Single acting – TVS Appache 180 front disc.
• Dual acting- All 4 wheel cars and trucks.
POWER BRAKES
1. Air brakes
2. Air hydraulic brakes
3. vacuumed brakes
4. Electric brakes
AIR BRAKES
The air compressor sends compressed air to the reservoir which are connected
to the brake valve
An air brake or, more formally, a compressed

air brake system, is a type of friction brake for
vehicles in which compressed air pressing on
a piston is used to apply the pressure to the
brake pad needed to stop the vehicle. Air
brakes are used in large heavy vehicles,
particularly those having multiple trailers
that must be linked into the brake system,
such as trucks, buses, trailers, and semi-
trailers in addition to their use in railroad
trains.
Construction Of Air Brakes
• The air brake system consists of a two-stage air-compressor driven by the
crankshaft or gearbox shaft.
• It takes air from the atmosphere, compresses it, and delivers to the air
reservoir through an un-loader valve.
Difference between air brakes and hydraulic brakes
Air brakes Hydraulic brakes
1. Compressed air is used as a working 1. Hydraulic oil is used as a working

substance. substance.
2. Air brake has more powerful than a 2. Hydraulic brake has less powerful than
hydraulic brake. air brake.
3. Components: Air compressor, 3. Components: Master cylinder, wheel

unloader valve, brake valve, brake cylinder, oil reservoir.
chamber.
4. The air brake system is used in 4. Hydraulic oil brake system is used for
trucks, buses, trains, etc. light vehicles such as cars, light-duty
trucks, etc.
5. Air compressor uses a certain amount 5. No engine power is used.
of engine power.
6. It is not self lubricating. 6. Hydraulic brakes are self lubricating.
REQUIREMENTS OF BRAKE FLUID
• It must have high boiling point
• It must remain fluid at the lowest temperature
• It must be chemically stable

The vacuum brake is a braking system employed on trains and introduced in
the mid-1860s. A variant, the automatic vacuum brake system, became
almost universal in British train equipment anSd in countries influenced by
British practice. Vacuum brakes also enjoyed a brief period of adoption in the
United States, primarily on narrow-gauge railroads. Their limitations caused
them to be progressively superseded by compressed air systems starting in the
United Kingdom from the 1970s onward. The vacuum brake system is now
obsolete; it is not in large-scale usage anywhere in the world, other than in
South Africa, largely supplanted by air brakes
Thank you
B.J.M.Rao
Email: bjaganmohanr@gmail.com

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AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

The braking system used most frequently operates hydraulically, by pressure

In addition all cars have a parking brake system which is mechanically

The conversion of kinetic energy into heat energy is a function of frictional

• To stop the moving vehicle.

• To de accelerate the moving vehicle.

• For stable parking of a vehicle either on a flat surface or on a slope.

• As a precaution for accidents.

• To prevent the vehicle from any damage due to road conditions.

• Mechanical braking system

• Internal expanding brakes (e.g.- drum brakes)

• External contracting brakes(e.g. disc brakes)

he brake master cylinder is one of the most important components found

Wheel cylinder is the second important component of the hydraulic brake

2. Air hydraulic brakes

An air brake or, more formally, a compressed

Air brakes Hydraulic brakes

1. Compressed air is used as a working 1. Hydraulic oil is used as a working

3. Components: Air compressor, 3. Components: Master cylinder, wheel

• It must have high boiling point

• It must remain fluid at the lowest temperature

• It must be chemically stable

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