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Lesson 2 Methods of Philosophizing

The document discusses various philosophical concepts related to determining truth such as facts, claims, knowledge, and opinions. It defines these terms and provides examples to distinguish opinions from facts. It also covers logical fallacies, biases, arguments, and how understanding the difference between truth and opinion can lead to wisdom.

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Chelsie Fae Santos
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43 views20 pages

Lesson 2 Methods of Philosophizing

The document discusses various philosophical concepts related to determining truth such as facts, claims, knowledge, and opinions. It defines these terms and provides examples to distinguish opinions from facts. It also covers logical fallacies, biases, arguments, and how understanding the difference between truth and opinion can lead to wisdom.

Uploaded by

Chelsie Fae Santos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHIZING
PREPARED BY:
MAUREEN A. BARANGAS
OBJECTIVES:

• Define the role of philosophy in determining truth and knowledge


• Distinguish opinion from truth
• Analyze situations that show the difference between opinion and
truth
• Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth
and
• Evaluate opinions
• In this society, we encounter a lot of information from
various sources such as the media and our interactions
with friends, family and members of the community. Most
information we receive is helpful, but some may mislead
us or may even be utterly false.
TRUTH

• The quality or state of being true


• It lies at the heart of any inquiry
• Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or value.
PROPOSITIONS

• This means that statements may have truth or may not have truth
• Statements about the world or reality and these propositions may
or may not be truth
• Usually stated as short statements or sentences
• Paksa ng pagtatalo
KNOWLEDGE

• Is the clear awareness and understanding of something


• It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers
provided by facts.
• Comprised of ideas and beliefs that we know to be true.
FACTS

• This simply means that what we know is what is observable or


evident in the real world
• Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or
truthful
Ex. “I know that fish live in the water” because fish do live in the
water.
CLAIM

• These are statements that are not evidently or immediately known


to be true
• Further examination is required to establish whether it is true or
false
Ex. I know that my school is the best school in the city
HOW DO WE KNOW IF SOMETHING IS TRUE?

• Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for determining truth.


• Ancient Greek philosophers approached the problem of truth by looking at the nature
of knowledge and how we know what we know.
• A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.
• A belief of statement is true if it is based on facts
• Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief
• Determining truth in this case requires a person to prove a statement through an action
• Claims and beliefs should also be subjected to tests to determine truth
OPINION

• These statements go beyond providing fact


• Provides conclusions or perspective regarding certain situations.
• Belief about a certain thing or person
• Bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain
claim is a fact
CONCLUSION

• Is a judgement based on certain facts.


• The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not be
disputed but the conclusion itself could still be contested
or questioned
BELIEF

• Statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained
by facts.
EXPLANATION

• Statements that assume the claim to be true and


provide reasons why the statement is true.
ARGUMENTS

• Are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the


reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
• Made with the assumption that the truth of the claim or opinion is
still to be determined.
• Given great importance since these are used to convey ideas that
influence the thinking, actions, and behavior of people.
FALLACIES

• Arguments that is based on faulty reasoning


EXAMPLE OF FALLACIES

Fallacy: ad hominem
Characteristic: attacking the person presenting the arguments instead of the argument
itself
Example: of course he believes that the government is flawed, he is a rebel and a
Communist

Fallacy: appeal to force


Characteristics: using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument
Example: if this peace agreement will not be signed by the government, them we will
have no recourse but to go to war
BIAS

• Are not necessarily errors in reasoning, but refers to


tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.
• Cannot be avoided in any discussion or debate
EXAMPLE OF BIAS

Bias: correspondence bias or attribution effect


Characteristics : tendency to judge a person’s personality by his or her actions, without
regard for external factors or influences
Ex. These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodythirsty murderers

Bias: framing
Characteristics: focusing on a certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects
Ex. Preliminary evidence has still not pointed out the actual cause of the plane crash, but
investigators are currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error
HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TRUTH AND OPINION LEAD US TO
WISDOM?
• An understanding of opinions and facts and the means to
distinguish one form the other can further improve our
understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas.
• The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with the holistic
perspective and enables us to make wiser decisions, especially in
choosing the ideas and views which we find acceptable.

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