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ENGINEERING GEOLOGY(BSC.

4th year)

Presentation
Manoj Kunwar
Gyatri Paudel
Unit : 2
Description, properties and behavior of soils and rock

Contents
• Tills and glacially associated soil
• Frost action in soil
• Organic soils
• Peat
What is glacier?
A glacier is a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline
ice, snow, rock, sediment, and often liquid water that
originates on land and moves down slope under the
influence of its own weight and gravity. Typically, glaciers
exist and may even form in areas where:

-mean annual temperatures are close to the freezing point.


-winter precipitation produces significant accumulations of
snow.
-temperatures throughout the rest of the year do not result
in the complete loss of the previous winter’s snow
accumulation.
Tills
Simply tills are the sediments that has been transported and deposited by or from
glacier ice, with little or no sorting by water.
It is an unsorted material deposited directly by glacial ice and showing no
stratification. Till is sometimes called boulder clay because it is composed of clay,
boulders of intermediate sizes, or a mixture of these. The rock fragments are usually
angular and sharp rather than rounded, because they are deposited from the ice and
have undergone little water transport. The pebbles and boulders may be faceted and
striated from grinding while lodged in the glacier.

Figure: Glacier sediments Tills


Glacially associated soil:
Glacially associated soils result from the movement and deposition of glacial ice. As glaciers
advance, they transport a variety of rock debris, including sand, silt, and clay, which is
collectively known as glacial till. This material is deposited in distinct landforms, such as
moraines, drumlins, and outwash plains.
Moraines: These are ridges of till deposited along the edges or at the terminus of a glacier.
Terminal moraines mark the furthest point of glacier advance, while lateral moraines form along
the sides.
Drumlins: Elongated, teardrop-shaped hills formed by the compression and deformation of till
beneath the glacier. They often indicate the direction of ice flow.
Outwash Plains: These are areas where meltwater from the glacier carries and deposits
sediments. The sorted nature of the deposits distinguishes them from the unsorted till.
a) Moraines environment at Antartica

b) drumlins
Frost action in soil , Organic soil, Peat
Frost action in soil refers to the processes and effects caused by the freezing and thawing of water
within the soil. When water freezes, it expands, exerting pressure on the surrounding soil
particles. This pressure can lead to the disruption of soil structure, causing heaving or lifting of
the soil surface. Repeated cycles of freezing and thawing can break down rocks and soil particles,
contributing to processes like frost heave, frost wedging, and ice segregation. These actions can
impact soil properties, causing soil to become more fragmented and potentially affecting its
permeability and fertility.

Figure: Frost action on soil


Frost action in soil, especially organic soil like peat, occurs when water within the soil freezes and
expands, causing mechanical stress. In organic soils like peat, this expansion can be more
significant due to their high organic matter content and ability to retain water, leading to heaving
and cracking of the soil.
Differential and excessive settlement is the principal problem confronting the engineer working
on peaty soil. when a load is applied to peat, settlement occurs because of the low lateral
resistance offered by the adjacent unloaded peat. Serious shearing stresses are induced even by
moderate loads.

Figure: Peat soil

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