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Unit 5.1 Notes - The Enlightenment

Between 1450-1750, new ideas emerged from the Enlightenment that challenged traditional authority and institutions. Philosophers developed ideas around individualism, freedom, and reason that planted the seeds for revolution. The emerging ideals of nationalism and empiricism further threatened established empires and kingdoms. These intellectual changes established concepts like social contracts, capitalism, and feminism that shaped revolutionary movements and new forms of government after 1750.

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44 views11 pages

Unit 5.1 Notes - The Enlightenment

Between 1450-1750, new ideas emerged from the Enlightenment that challenged traditional authority and institutions. Philosophers developed ideas around individualism, freedom, and reason that planted the seeds for revolution. The emerging ideals of nationalism and empiricism further threatened established empires and kingdoms. These intellectual changes established concepts like social contracts, capitalism, and feminism that shaped revolutionary movements and new forms of government after 1750.

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nutulate
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Unit 5

Revolutions
C. 1450-1750
Unit Overview
Between 1750 and 1900, new technology fostered the Industrial
Revolution, causing manufacturing output to skyrocket & setting the
stage for dramatic changes in international relations, politics, and
demography.

Industrializing countries sought to protect their businesses interests and


resources for manufacturing, quickly establishing control of overseas
lands. However, in places like the United States and Haiti, because of
their mistreatment they often rebelled against foreign domination.
Largely, massive human migration was also seen due to
industrialization.

After 1800, people began to live in nation-states: places where everyone


shared the same culture and everyone who shared a culture lived in the
within the same country. The breaking up of empires and combining
kingdoms to create nation-states frequently led to war between these
growing nations who were attempting to find their new identities.
Topic 5.1 - The Enlightenment
EQ: How did the Enlightenment shape the intellectual and ideological
thinking that affected reform and revolution after 1750?
An Age of New Ideas (# 1, 2, 3)
● Enlightenment - the shift in thought from tradition
to reason, individualism over community value
● The 3 Ideals of the Enlightenment:
○ Individualism
○ Freedom
○ Self Determination
● Enlightenment Ideas resulted in:
○ A downplayed role of religion in society & challenged the
roles of Monarchs & Church Leaders
○ Planted the seeds of revolution in US, France, Haiti, and
others around the world
Nationalism (#6)
● A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language & culture
○ The idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state threatened
to destroy all of Europe’s multi-ethnic empires
Empiricism (7 & 8)
● Francis Bacon emphasized Empiricism, the
belief that knowledge comes from “sensed”
experience, or from what you observe through
your experience & experimentation
○ Rather than relying on reason based on tradition and
religion, he based his conclusions on observation of
natural data
Hobbes’ and Locke’s Social Contract
(#9-12)

Thomas Hobbes:

● Life was “nasty, brutish, and short,” but by agreeing to a social contract,
they gave up some rights to a strong central government in exchange for law
and order.

John Locke:

● Argued that social contracts gave the right, and responsibility, to citizens to
revolt against unjust government. Everyone has a right to life, liberty, and
the pursuit of happiness
● “Tabula Rasa” - children born a blank slate waiting to be filled with
knowledge; believed environment and education were more important to
someone than their ancestors
“Philosophes” (#13 & Chart)
● New group of thinkers and writers who explored
social, political, and economic theories in new
ways
○ Included Thomas Jefferson and Ben
Franklin
○ Baron Montesquieu influenced the
American system and said that branches of
government should be separate
○ Voltaire - ideas of religious liberty
○ Jean-Jacques Rousseau inspired many
revolutionaries through his beliefs of a
social contract
○ Fought censorship by hiding ideas in fiction
Adam Smith (Chart)
● Wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776) in response to
mercantilism and called for freer trade
● Advocated for laissez-faire economics, meaning
“leave alone.”
○ He believed that governments should reduce their intervention
in economic decisions, and consumers should be allowed to
make choices in their own interests, and that this would lead
markets to beneficial for societies
● His ideas laid the foundation for capitalism: means
of production (factories) are privately owned and
operated for profit
New Ideas about society (#18, 19, 20, 24)
● The World of the Poor - People lived in slums
without proper sanitation and without political
representation
● Conservatism - Belief in traditional institutions,
favoring reliance on practical experience over
ideological theories
● Socialism - A response to capitalism, a system of
public or direct worker ownership of the means of
production (factories)
● Classical Liberalism - Belief in natural rights,
constitutional government, laissez-faire
economics, and reduced spending on armies and
established churches
The Birth of Feminism
(#27)

● While Man’s Rights in the French Revolution had been


discussed in the “Declaration of the Rights of Man & the
Citizen,” critics responded with their own “Declaration of the
Rights of Woman and the Citizen to challenge the idea that
women’s rights hadn’t been addressed
● Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of
Women which argued for females receiving the same education
as men so they could participate in politics and professional
society, limiting their dependence on men

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