Mathematics

Week 4

Systems of Linear Equation

 Acknowledgement
<<Title>>
These slides have been
adapted from:

Anton, Howard, and Chris

Rorres. Elementary linear
algebra: applications version.
John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
LO 2 :
Solve the system of linear equation,
determinant, invers, and eigenvalue
problems.

.
 Contents

1
1
Matrices
2 2
System of linear
equations
3
Methods to solve system of
4 linear equations
Linear System of Equation
In this lesson, we study about system of linear
equations and also the methods to solve it.
Linear Equations in several variables are equations in the form of polynomials which
have degrees one or zero and there is no multiplication between variables.

A linear equation in the variables is an equation that can be written in the form

Where, and b are constant.

A system of linear equations (or a linear system) is a collection of one or more

linear equations involving the same variables—say, .
2
Example :
2 …………(1) The equation (1) and (2) are not linear because of
…(2) the presence of in the first equation and in the
second
Solution
A solution of a linear system in n unknowns is is a sequence of n numbers
for which the substitution
= ,=,… =
Example : Determine solution for system of linear equations as follows :

Solution : the system has the solution

A system of linear equations has

1. no solution, or
2. exactly one solution, or
3. infinitely many solutions.

A system of linear equations is said to be consistent if it has either one solution or

infinitely many solutions; a system is inconsistent if it has no solution.
Linear Systems with Two Unknown

Linear systems in two unknowns arise in connection with intersections of lines. For example,
consider the linear system

Each solution (x, y) of this system corresponds to a point of intersection of the lines, so
there are three possibilities :
1. no solution, if the lines may be parallel and distinct,
2. exactly one solution, if the lines may intersect at only one point.
3. infinitely many solutions, if the lines may coincide, in which case there are infinitely
many points of intersection.
 Linear Systems with Two Unknown

Example :
A Linear System with No A Linear System with A Linear System with one
Solutions Infinitely Many solution Solutions
 Augmented Matrices and
Elementary Row Operations
System of linear equation can be represented as matrix.
This is called the augmented matrix for the system

¿
a11x1 + a12x2 + + a1nxn = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + + a2nxn = b2

am1x1 + am2x2 + + amnxn = bm

Example : Find the

matrix from System of
linear equation

( )
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 9 1 1 2 9
2 4 −3 1
2x1 - 3x3 = 1 3 6 −5 0
3x1 + 6x2 - 5x3 = 0
Elementary row operations on a matrix.

Three operations correspond to the following operations on the rows of the augmented
matrix:

1. Multiply a row through by a nonzero constant. (cRi)

2. Interchange two rows. (Ri Rj)
3. Add a constant times one row to another. (Ri + cRj).
 Gauss-Jordan elimination.

The following properties to form a reduced row echelon.

1. If a row does not consist entirely of zeros, then the first nonzero number in the row is a 1.
We call this a leading 1.
2. If there are any rows that consist entirely of zeros, then they are grouped together at the
bottom of the matrix.
3. In any two successive rows that do not consist entirely of zeros, the leading 1 in the lower
row occurs farther to the
right than the leading 1 in the higher row.
4. Each column that contains a leading 1 has zeros everywhere else in that column.
A matrix that has the first three properties is said to be in row echelon form

The procedure (or algorithm) for reducing a matrix to reduced row echelon form
is called Gauss-Jordan elimination. If only the forward phase is used, then the procedure
produces a row echelon form only and is called Gaussian elimination.
 Example : Solve by Gauss-
Jordan elimination.

50

Solution : Determine the augmented matrix from the system

( )
2 3 0 800
2 0 3 650
0 1 1 350
By using Gauss-Jordan elimination Procedure

The solution of the system, , and

 REFERENCES

Anton, Howard, and Chris Rorres. Elementary linear algebra:

applications version. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.

Lay, D.C., 2016. Linear Algebra and its Applications,fifth Edition.

Thank You