The Communicative Strategy

The
Communicative
Strategy
Presented by: Julian Ethan Jallores
Katrina Clapis Isaac Haward Elorde
Jill Eowyn Cea Aaron Aguilar
Managing a conversation begins with a topic.
Participants, thereafter, take turns in sharing
their ideas and opinions on the topic. During
the discussion , participants may veer away
from the topic, monopolize the discussion, or
bring on another topic. Most people, however,
restrict the discussion to the topic.
Suggesting or agreeing on a topic is called nomination; excluding all
other topic is restriction.
Example:
“Let’s talk about food”
“Would you like to talk about fish”
“Please just expound on the topic and nothing else”
Sticking to the topic throughout the discussion is topic control, while
going from the topic to another is topic shifting.
Example:
“May I remind everyone that the topic is bullying”
“Can we talk about our project instead?”
Ideally, each gives others a chance to speak; thus, while one has the
floor, the others listen, and this is called turn-taking.
Example:
“That’s it! Thank you!"
"That's what I have to say on this this matter"
• Verbal cues for turn-taking may be mentioned when the current
speaker ask a question; or when the current speaker trails off,
giving a cue for another to take over.
• Noneverbal cues may include a nod to the next by the current
speaker; or an extended open hand directed to the next speaker.
Communication breakdown happens when the speaker is not understood
by the receiver. This situation calls for repair.
Strategies to repair communication breakdown on the part of the speaker is

by repeating in full or in part, or rephrasing what was said, by talking
louder or slower than normal; or talking with gestures or exaggerated
pronouncing.
On the part of the reciever, by asking the speaker to repeat or
rephrase what was said, to speak louder and slower, or by lip reading.
Example:
"I'm sorry. I did not quite catch what you said. Can you please repeat
it"
How do I avoid
Communicatio
n Breakdown?
Strategic
Competence
Refers to one's knowledge and application of

communicative strategies that are particularly significant
when a communicator lacks linguistics competence.
• Canale and Swain (1980) describe these as "verbal and
non-verbal communication strategies that may be called
into action to compensate for breakdowns to
communication due to performance variables or to
insufficient competence"
• Researchers have identified three main functions of
communicative strategy use.
Psycholinguistic
Perspective
• strategies are verbal plans used to avoid
communication breakdown.
• the speaker must prepare what to say by
identifying the aspects in the speech that may
pose difficulties to the listener's
comprehension of the message.
Interactional
Perspective
• views the strategies as cooperative attempts to
repair breakdown during communication
• this perspective sees strategies as ways to
repair the communication breakdown once it
has occurred during the event.
Maintenance
Perspective
• also known as communication continuity
• sees communication strategies as ways to keep
the conversation going despite one's lack of
linguistics competence or problems such as
hesitation or refusal to answer a question.
Types of
Communicative
Strategies
Marianne Celce - Murcia, Zoltan Dornyei, and Sarah Thurell
(1995) listed down five types of Communicative Strategies.
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies
Stalling or Time-Gaining Strategies
Self-Monitoring Strategies or Self-Initiated Repair
Interaction Strategies
Avoidance or Reduction Strategies
• also called message adjustment strategies

• includes message replacement, topic avoidance, or in
instances where a communicator completely refuses to take
risks, message abandonment
Achievement or Compensatory Strategies
• used to achieve the purpose of communication despite

difficulties in conveying one’s message due to lack of
linguistic resourses.
• speakers are willing to take the risk in order to communicate
their ideas abd accomplish their goals for communicating.
Stalling or Time-Gaining Strategies
• communicator hesitates or needs more time to express

his/her thoughts and yet wises to continue the conversation.
• involve the use of fillers, hesitation devices, and repitition of
one’s own and the other person’os message.
Self-Monitoring Strategies or Self-Initiated Repair
• Includes monitoring one's own speech and correcting lapses

or errors committed during the conversation.
• also involves rephrasing or over-elaboration
Interactional Strategies
• Similar to achievement and compensatory but the latter kind

is non-cooperative
• The speaker makes use of his/her own linguistics resources,
the former is cooperative in that the speaker asks for his/her
assistances.
1. Appeals for Help
• May come in the form of a direct question such as when the
speaker forgets the term for a word (e.g., What do you call...?)
• may also be in indirect form such as the use of nonverbal symbols
(e.g., Giving someone a confused expression)
2. Meaning negotiation strategies
• used to indicate non-undestanding or misunderstanding include request,
expressions of non-understanding, and interpretive summary.
• Request mat be used to repeat or confirm information
• Expressions of non-understanding maybe expressed through words or
nonverbally
• Interpretive summary may ask what the speaker means by stating how
one understands the speaker's message(e.g., "You mean to say...?)
3. Response
• includes repetition, rephrasing, repair, expansion or reduction of
the message, confirmation, or rejection.
• you may repeat a word used by the speaker in a rising tone to
indicate that you are unfamiliar with the term
4. Comprehension checks
demonstrated by answering the following questions:
Does the listener understand what the speaker is saying? (Am I making
sense?)
Is the statement grammatically correct? (e.g., How do you say this...?)
4. Comprehension checks
Is the interlocutor listening attentively?
(e.g., Are you still there? Do you still follow?)
Can the listener hear the speaker clearly?

(e.g., Can you hear me?)
Thank you
very much!

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The

Strategies to repair communication breakdown on the part of the speaker is

Refers to one's knowledge and application of

Avoidance or Reduction Strategies

• also called message adjustment strategies

• used to achieve the purpose of communication despite

• communicator hesitates or needs more time to express

• Includes monitoring one's own speech and correcting lapses

• Similar to achievement and compensatory but the latter kind

Can the listener hear the speaker clearly?

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