Chapter 1: Computer

Network & Internet

Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach
6th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley

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Outline
Our goal: get “feel” some basic terminology and
concepts.
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
• network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput
1.5 Protocol layers, service models (self-studying)
1.6 Networks under attack: security (self-studying)
1.7 History (self-studying)
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 What’s the Internet?
PC  millions of connected mobile network
server computing devices:
wireless
• hosts = end systems = global ISP
laptop end devices
smartphone • running network apps
home
 communication links network
regional ISP
 fiber, copper, radio,
wireless
links satellite
wired  transmission rate:
links bandwidth

 Packet switches: forward

packets (chunks of data)
router institutional
 routers and switches network

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 What’s the Internet
mobile network
 Internet: “network of networks”
• Interconnected ISPs
global ISP

 protocolscontrol sending,
receiving of msgs home
network
• e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 regional ISP

 Internet standards
• RFC: Request for comments
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force
institutional
network

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1-6
 What’s the Internet: a service view

mobile network
 Infrastructure that provides
services to applications:
global ISP
• Web, VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, social nets, …
 provides programming interface home
network
to apps regional ISP
• hooks that allow sending and
receiving app programs to
“connect” to Internet
• provides service options,
analogous to postal service

institutional
network

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 What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
• “what’s the time?” • machines rather than humans
• “I have a question” • all communication activity in
• introductions Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken protocols define format,
when msgs received, or order of msgs sent and
other events received among network
entities, and actions taken
on msg transmission,
receipt
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 What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

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Outline
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
• network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History

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 A closer look at network structure

 network edge: mobile network

• hosts: clients and servers
• servers often in data global ISP
centers

home
 access networks, physical network
media: wired, wireless regional ISP
communication links

 network core:
 interconnected routers
 network of networks
institutional
network

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 Access networks and physical media

end systems (hosts):

• run application programs
• e.g. Web, email
• at “edge of network”
client/server model
• client host requests, receives service from
always-on server
• e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server
peer-peer model:
• minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers
• e.g. Skype, BitTorrent

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 Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end

systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school, company)
 mobile access networks

keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
 shared or dedicated?

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Ethernet Internet access

• Typically used in companies, universities, etc…

• 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet
• Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

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Home networks

• Typical home network components:

• DSL or cable modem
• router/firewall/NAT
• Ethernet
• wireless access point

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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

• uses existing telephone infrastructure

• up to 1 Mbps upstream
• up to 8 Mbps downstream
• dedicated physical line to telephone central office
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Cable Network Architecture: Overview

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Residential access: cable modems

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Residential access: cable modems

• uses cable TV infrastructure, rather than telephone infrastructure

• HFC: hybrid fiber coax
• symmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream
• network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access to router
• unlike DSL, which has dedicated access

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Outline

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
• network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
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The Network Core
• mesh of interconnected
routers
• the fundamental question:
how is data transferred
through net?
• circuit switching: dedicated
circuit per call: telephone net
• packet-switching: data sent
thru net in discrete “chunks”

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Network Core: Circuit Switching
• end-end resources reserved
for “call”
• link bandwidth, switch capacity
• dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
• call setup required

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Network Core: Circuit Switching

• network resources (e.g., • dividing link bandwidth into

bandwidth) divided into “pieces” “pieces”
• pieces allocated to calls • frequency division
• resource piece idle if not used by • time division
owning call (no sharing)

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Network Core: Packet
Switching
Each end-end data stream divided into Resource contention:
packets • aggregate resource demand can
• user A, B packets share network exceed amount available
resources • congestion: packets queue, wait for
• each packet uses full link bandwidth link use
• resources used as needed • store and forward: packets move one
hop at a time
• node receives complete packet before
forwarding

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Packet-switching: store-and-forward

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Internet structure: network of networks

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Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

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Internet structure: network of networks

“tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs

• connect to one or more tier-1 (provider) ISPs
• each tier-1 has many tier-2 customer nets
• tier 2 pays tier 1 provider
• tier-2 nets sometimes peer directly with each other (bypassing tier 1) , or at IXP

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Internet structure: network of networks

• “Tier-3” ISPs, local ISPs

• customer of tier 1 or tier 2 network
• last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)

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Internet structure: network of networks

• a packet passes through many networks from source host to

destination host

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Outline

1.1 What is the Internet?

1.2 Network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
• network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History
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How do loss and delay occur?

• packets queue in router buffers

• packet arrival rate to link exceeds output link capacity
• packets queue, wait for turn

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Four sources of packet delay

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Four sources of packet delay

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“Real” Internet delays and routes

• What do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?

• Traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to
router along end-end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
• sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards destination
• router i will return packets to sender
• sender times interval between transmission and reply.

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“Real” Internet delays and routes

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Packet loss

• queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity

• packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
• lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end
system, or not at all

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Throughput

• throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between

sender/receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

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Throughput (more)

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Throughput: Internet scenario
• per-connection end-end
throughput:
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
• in practice: Rc or Rs is
often bottleneck

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Protocol “Layers”

Networks are complex, with many Question:

“pieces”:
• Is there any hope of
• hosts organizing structure of
• routers network?
• links of various media • Or at least our discussion
• applications of networks?
• protocols
• hardware, software

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Organization of air travel

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Layering of airline functionality

Layers: each layer implements a service

• via its own internal-layer actions
• relying on services provided by layer below

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Why layering?

Dealing with complex systems:

• explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex
system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
• modularization eases maintenance, updating of system
• change of implementation of layer’s service transparent to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of system
• layering considered harmful?

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Internet protocol stack
• application: supporting network applications
• FTP, SMTP, HTTP
• transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP
• network: routing of datagrams from source
to destination
• IP, routing protocols
• link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements
• Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
• physical: bits “on the wire”

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(F&M) Figure 1.13: Communication through an internet

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(F&M) Figure 1.14: Logical connections between layers in
TCP/IP

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Encapsulation

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ISO/OSI reference model
• presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g.,
encryption, compression, machine-
specific conventions
• session: synchronization,
checkpointing, recovery of data
exchange
• Internet stack “missing” these
layers!
• these services, if needed, must be
implemented in application
• needed?

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Who runs Internet?

• IP address & Internet Naming administered by Network Information Centre (NIC)

• Refer to: www.sgnic.net.sg; www.apnic.org
• The Internet Society (ISOC) - Provides leadership in Internet related standards,
education, and policy around the world.
• The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) -Authority to issue and update technical
standards regarding Internet protocols.
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) - Protocol engineering, development and
standardization arm of the IAB.
• Internet standards are published as RFCs (Request For Comments)
• Refer to: www.ietf.org; for RFCs: http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html

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Internet Standards

• Internet Standards are developed by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

www.ietf.org
• IETF Standards documents are called RFCs (Request For Comments)
http://www.ietf.org/rfc.html
• They define protocols such as TCP, IP, HTTP, SMTP
• There are nearly 7000 RFCs (July 2013)
• LAN/MAN Standards – are defined by IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee.
(Ethernet, WiFi…) http://www.ieee.org/portal/site

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Outline
1.1 What is the Internet?
1.2 Network edge
• end systems, access networks, links
1.3 Network core
• network structure
1.4 Delay, loss and throughput
1.5 Protocol layers, service models
1.6 Networks under attack: security
1.7 History

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