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Fourier

This document provides an introduction to Fourier analysis, including: 1) Fourier analysis is used to analyze periodic and aperiodic waves by partitioning them into sums of sinusoidal waves. 2) Any continuous waveform can be represented as a Fourier series consisting of a sum of sinusoids with different frequencies and phases. 3) Fourier analysis transforms signals from the time domain to the frequency domain, allowing the frequency spectrum of sounds to be analyzed.

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24 views19 pages

Fourier

This document provides an introduction to Fourier analysis, including: 1) Fourier analysis is used to analyze periodic and aperiodic waves by partitioning them into sums of sinusoidal waves. 2) Any continuous waveform can be represented as a Fourier series consisting of a sum of sinusoids with different frequencies and phases. 3) Fourier analysis transforms signals from the time domain to the frequency domain, allowing the frequency spectrum of sounds to be analyzed.

Uploaded by

mmszpeng
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Intro to Fourier Analysis

• Definition
• Analysis of periodic waves
• Analysis of aperiodic waves
• Digitization
• Time-frequency uncertainty
The Fourier series
• Any continuous waveform can be partitioned
into a sum of sinusoidal waves
• P(t) = Po + Pn cos (2fnt + n)
• Po is the ambient pressure
• Pn is the pressure of the nth cosine wave
• fn is the frequency of the nth cosine wave
• n is the phase of the nth cosine wave
Sound spectrum
Time domain

Frequency domain
Frequency
spectrum
Types of periodic waveforms

• Amplitude varies in a repeating manner -


amplitude modulation
• Frequency varies in a repeating manner -
frequency modulation
• The shape of the waveform varies in a
repeating manner - nonsinusoidal periodic
wave
Amplitude modulation (AM)

Carrier frequency
plus side bands
Frequency modulation (FM)

Modulation
determines the
number of side
bands
Periodic nonsinusoidal signals

Harmonic series
Harmonic series
• Harmonic frequencies
are integer multiples of
the fundamental frequency,
i.e. w, 2w, 3w, 4w …
• Dirichlet’s rule states that the energy in higher harmonics
falls off exponentially with the frequency of the harmonic
• Note, however, that some animals alter the amplitude of
harmonics by selective filtering during sound production
Compound signals
• Nonsinusoidal modulation of a sine wave
• Sinusoidal modulation of a nonsinusoidal
carrier wave
• Nonsinusoidal modulation of a
nonsinusoidal carrier wave
Pulsed sine wave (frog or insect)
Fourier analysis of aperiodic signals

• Most natural signals have a short, not


infinite, duration
• The more aperiodic a signal is, the more
frequency components are needed to
describe the signal with a Fourier series
• In the limit, an infinitely short signal has
constant amplitude at all frequencies, a
delta pulse
Finite sounds and Fourier ‘lobes’
Fourier “windows”

Bartlett

Hamming
Digitizing sound
Aliasing

Nyquist frequency = 1/2 the sampling frequency


Fourier window size and bandwidth
Time-frequency uncertainty
Sound spectrum “waterfall”

Song sparrow
Sonagram
Song sparrow

Narrow bandwidth analysis is good for frequency


measurements, but not accurate for time measurements

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