Dental ceramics

Dr Lekshmy AR
First year pg
 Contents
• Introduction
• History
• Classification
• Application in Dentistry
• Composition
• General Properties
 Introduction

• Derived from the Greek word ‘keramos’, which

means ‘potter's clay’.
 The term ceramic is defined as any
product made essentially from a
According to Craig nonmetallic material by firing at a high
temperature to achieve desirable
properties.

Dental ceramic—A specially formulated

ceramic material that exhibits adequate
According to Anusavice strength, durability, and color that is
used intraorally to restore anatomic form
and function and/or esthetics.
 Definition

Ceramics: Compounds of one or more metals

with a non-metallic element, usually oxygen;
they are formed of chemical and biochemically
stable substances that are strong, hard,
brittle, and inert non-conductors of thermal
and electrical energy.

(GPT 9)
 History
1728 : Proposed the use of porcelain in dentistry –
Pierre Fauchard

1789 : First porcelain tooth material patented -

de Chemant & Duchateau

1887 : Introduced porcelain jc using platinum foil

matrix technique - CH. Land

1903 : First ceramic crowns introduced to dentistry

– Charles Land
1952- Glass ceramics were invented by S Donald
Stookey

1963- The first commercial porcelain was

developed by Vita Zahnfabrik

1965- McLean and Hughes – dental aluminium

core porcelain

1980- Pressable glass ceramic (IPS empress)

containing 34 vol% leucite and Zr ceramics
introduced
1983- Porcelain Laminate crown was introduced –
HR Horn

1984- Castable all ceramic material was

introduced by Adair and Grossman

1984- CAD CAM technology was first introduced

by Francois Duret

1986 -1st generation CEREC 1 (Siemens CAM)

CAD
1989 - Concept of ceramic post and core
introduced

Late 1990’s - IPS empress 2, a 2nd generation

pressable ceramic, made from Lithium – disilicate
framework with an apatite layered ceramic

1994 - 2nd generation CEREC 2 CAD/CAM

1999 - feldspar free fluorapatite glass ceramic

system for use in metal ceramic
 2000- Titanium implants with
Zirconia abutments

2001- Cerec3

2005- Zirconia implants were

introduced

2011- Polycrystalline ceramics were

introduced

2013- Adhesive cementation Ghert

et al
 ADA specification

• Dental ceramic : 69
• Dental porcelain teeth : 45
• Metal ceramic system : 38
CLASSIFICATIONS
According to Anusavice

Firing temperature

• High fusing : > 1300°C

• Medium fusing:1100 - 1300°C
• Low fusing: 850-1100°C
• Ultralow fusing:< 850°C
 Use / indications

• Anterior and posterior crown

• Veneer
• post and core
• fixed dental prosthesis
• ceramic stain
• glaze
 Fabrication technique

• Casting, sintering, partial

sintering
• Glass infiltration
• Slip casting and sintering
• Hot-isostatic pressing,
• Copy-milling
• CAD-CAM milling
 Crystalline phase

• Alumina based (Optec HSP)

• Feldspar based (Conventional Ceramics)
• Lithia disilicate based
• Leucite based (IPS Empress)
• Spinel based (Inceram Spinel)
• Zirconia based
 Microstructure
Translucency Fracture resistance
• Amorphous glass
Opaque • Low
• Crystalline
Translucent • Medium
• Crystalline particles
Transparent • High
in a glass matrix
According to Craig
DCNA 48 (2004) 513-530 dental ceramics: current thinking and
trends( J Robert Kelly)

Predominantly
Particle filled Polycrystalline
glassy materials
glasses ceramics
Eg: feldspathic
Eg: Dicor Eg: procera
porcelain
New Classification System for All-ceramic and Ceramic-like Restorative Materials By
Gracis Et Al, The International Journal Of Prosthodontics Volume 28, Number 3, 2015
APPLICATIONS IN DENTISTRY

Inlays and onlays

Esthetic laminates
Short span bridges

Single crown
 Veneer for PFM

Artificial teeth

Orthodontic bracket
Basic structure
Ceramics : 2 phases
Glassy Phase
 Provides translucency
 Makes ceramic brittle
Crystalline Phase
 Added to improve the mechanical properties
 Newer ceramics (35-90%)
 Composition

Feldspar
• Primary constituent
• Minerals composed of potash (K₂O),
soda(Na₂O) and silica (SiO₂)
• 75-85%
 Kaolin
• Serves as a binder
• Consists of Al₂O₃ 2SiO₂ 2H₂O (Hydrated
Aluminium Silicate)
• Increases the moldability of the plastic
porcelain
• Give opacity to the mass
 Quartz
• Present in concentrations of 13-14%
• Provide strength, firmness and improve
translucency of porcelain
• Serves as a framework for other
ingredients
 Alumina
• Replaces some of the silica in the glass
network.
• Gives strength & Opacity.
• Alters the softening point and increase
the viscosity of porcelain during firing.
Glass modifiers
• Potassium, sodium and calcium oxides
• Lower the viscosity of glass
• Increase thermal expansion
 Opacifying agents
Opacifiers are added to increase its opacity in order
to simulate color of natural teeth
• Zirconium oxide
• Titanium oxide
• Tin oxide
• Cerium oxide
Pigments
• To obtain various shades to mimic natural
tooth colour.
• Made by fusing metallic oxide with fine
glass and feldspar & regrinding to a powder.
 Metallic oxide colour

Titanium • Iron or
Cobalt oxide oxide ⎼
yellowish nickel oxide
⎼ blue
brown ⎼ brown

Copper
Manganese
oxide
oxide lavender
green
General Properties
 Strength
• Flexure strength
 PFM -70 MPa
 Stabilized Zr – 1200 Mpa
• Tensile strength
 Low because of the unavoidable surface defects
 When porcelain is placed under tension, stress
concentrates around these imperfections and
can result in brittle fractures
• Shear strength
 Low due to lack of ductility
Methods of Strengthening Ceramics
1. Introduction of residual compressive stress by
• Ion exchange
• Thermal tempering
• Thermal expansion coefficient mismatch
2. Interruption of crack propagation by
• Dispersion strengthening
• Transformation toughening
3. Optimal design
Ion exchange/ Chemical tempering

• Sodium containing glass article is placed in

a bath of molten potassium nitrate.
• Exchange of ions take place
• Since potassium ion is 35% larger than
sodium ion, squeezing of the potassium
ion creates residual compressive stresses.
 Thermal Tempering
• Creates residual compressive stresses by rapidly
cooling the surface of the object while it is in the
molten state.
• Rapid cooling produces a skin of rigid glass
surrounding a molten core.
• As the molten core solidifies it shrinks, creates
residual compressive stress within the outer surface
 Thermal Compatibility

• Metal or core ceramic should have high CTC

than veneering ceramic

• So when cooled metal or core ceramic

contract slightly more than the veneering
from firing temperature to room temperature.

• The veneering porcelain is under residual

compression which produces additional
strength to the porcelain
 Dispersion Strengthening

• Process of strengthening ceramics by reinforcing

them with a dispersed phase of a different material.
• Most dental ceramics are reinforced by dispersion of
crystalline substances.
• Ex. Alumina, spinell, zirconia, leucite, lithia disilicate
 Transformation Toughening
• Strengthening occurs due to a change in
the crystal structure under stress which
prevents crack propagation.

Eg. partially stabilized zirconia(PSZ).

Tetragonal Monoclinic
 Optimal design
• Use of maximum thickness of ceramic on
the occlusal surface.
• Abrupt changes in the shape or thickness
in ceramic contour should be avoided.
• Sharp line angles in the preparation can
cause stress concentration.
 Modulus of elasticity

• High stiffness
• Stiffness ranges from 69 to 210 GPa

Surface hardness
• Much harder than natural teeth (370-400 VHN)
Thermal properties

Thermal conductivity
• Low thermal conductivity
Coefficient of thermal expansion
• 6.4 to 7.8* 10-6 /0C
• Important property for layered restorations.
• CTE of various layers should be closely matched.
• Extreme difference can induce a lot of stresses in
the ceramic leading to immediate or subsequent
failures
 Specific gravity

• The true specific gravity of porcelain is

2.242
• For fired porcelain 2.2 to 2.3 because of
the presence of air voids
 Chemical stability
• Insoluble and impermeable
• HF causes etching of porcelain
 Biocompatibility

• Glazed porcelain is one of the most

biocompatible material in dentistry
• Ceramic dust is harmful when inhaled
 Esthetic property
• Excellent esthetics
• Match adjacent tooth in translucence,
color and intensity
• Excellent color stability
 Abrasiveness of ceramics

• Unglazed or unpolished can cause severe wear of

natural teeth especially if dentin is exposed.
• Contraindicated in bruxers.
• Ultralow fusing is less abrasive
• Smaller crystal size show reduced enamel wear.
 SPECIAL TYPES OF PORCELAIN

Opaque Body Stains and

Porcelain Porcelain Glazes
Opaque porcelain

• Wet the metal surface and establish a metal

porcelain bond

• Mask the color of the metal substructure

• Initiate development of the selected shade

 Body porcelain

Dentine Enamel Translucent Body

porcelain porcelain porcelain modifiers
 Dentine porcelain

 Also described as body, gingival or cervical

powders.
 These are routinely incorporated into areas
of a restoration other than the gingival
third of a crown.
 Major determinant of shade of any
porcelain restoration.
 Enamel porcelain
• Occasionally referred as incisal porcelain.
• Usually in the violet to gray range and impart a
combination of true translucency and illusion of
translucency by virtue of their grayish or sometimes
bluish hue.
• Not restricted to any single area of tooth.
• When fired, enamel porcelains are more translucent
that dentin porcelain.
 Translucent porcelain

• They do not allow the transmission of all light

• To give a natural enamel like translucency
without substantially altering the body shade.
Advantages of dental ceramics
• Highly esthetic
• Biocompatibility
• Thermal insulation
• Wear resistance
• Can be formed to precise shapes
• Ability to be bonded to tooth structure
Disadvantages
• Brittleness
• Fabrication : technique sensitive
• Wear of opposing natural teeth
• Difficult to repair intraorally
• High cost of fabrication
Metal ceramic system
Types of Metal Ceramic Systems

1. Cast metal ceramic restorations

Cast noble metal alloys (feldspathic porcelain)
Cast base metal alloys (feldspathic porcelain)
Cast titanium (ultra low fusing porcelain)
2. Swaged metal ceramic restorations
Gold alloy foil coping (Renaissance, Captek)
Bonded platinum foil coping.
Cast metal ceramic restorations
 Requirements

 Produce surface oxides for chemical bonding with porcelains.

 Cte should be slightly greater than porcelain veneer.

 Melting range higher than the fusing range of the dental

porcelain.

 Must have high temperature strength or sag resistance →

the ability to withstand exposure to high temperatures
without undergoing dimensional change.

 Alloy should be biocompatible

Composition of metal ceramic
• Higher alkali content
• The opaquer powder -High
content of opacifiers.
• Glazes – higher concentration of
glass modifiers like soda, potash
and boric oxide
Nature of metal-ceramic bond

 Van der Waals forces

 Mechanical retention/entrapment
 Compressive forces
 Direct chemical bonding
• Van der Waals forces
Compressive forces
• Direct chemical bonding
 Bond failure

• Loss of attachment of an oxide layer

• In compatible materials
• Failure in oxidation
• Contamination
 Manipulation

• Construction of the cast metal coping or frame work

• Metal preparation
• Degassing and oxidizing
• Opaquer
• Condensation
• Firing
• Glazing
Construction of cast metal copings and frameworks

• Copings are prepared by

• Casting pure metal
• Electrodeposition of metal on duplicate die
• Burnishing & heat treating metal foil on a die
• Cad- cam
Metal preparation

 Surface finished with ceramic bonded

stones
 Sandblasting with alumina air abrasive
 Cleaned ultrasonically
 Degassing and oxidizing

• Burn off impurities

• Specific oxides to form on the metal

surface

• Helps in bonding
 Application of opaquer

• Careful cleaning metal frame work

• Thin layer of opaque porcelain (0.2mm) is applied
and baked.
 Condensation
• Padding or packing of wet porcelain into position
• The movement of particles is generated by vibration,
spatulation, whipping, brush technique or dry
powder.
Condensation methods
Mixing using glass rod
Ceramist brushes Spatulas
Advantages of ultrasonic condensation:
• Reduces the fluid content of layered ceramics;
resulting in denser and more vibrant porcelain mass.
• Enhances translucency and the shade qualities of the
fired ceramic.
• Shrinkage can be reduced to below 5%
• Time-saving as it reduces the number of
compensatory firing cycles
• Build-up of Cervical Porcelain
• Build-up of Body Porcelain
• Cut-back
• Build-up of Enamel Porcelain
 Cut back
Removing dentine porcelain to allow
placement of a layer of enamel
 Sintering / firing
• Process of heating, closely packs particles to achieve
interparticle bonding and sufficient diffusion to
decrease the surface area or increase density of the
structure.
Steps:
• Pre-heating the furnace
• Condensed mass placed
• Green porcelain is fired
 Pre-heating (Drying)
• Placing the porcelain object on a tray in front of a
preheated furnace at 6500C for 5min for low fusing porcelain
and at 4800C for 8min for high fusing porcelains till reaching
the green or leathery state.
Significance
• Removal of excess water allowing the porcelain
object to gain its strength.
• Preventing sudden production of steam that
could result in voids or fractures.
Stages of Maturity of Porcelain during Firing
Bisque bake
A series of stages of maturation in the firing of ceramic
materials depending on the degree of pyrochemical
reaction and sintering shrinkage occurring before
vitrification (glazing).
• Low bisque
• Medium bisque
• High bisque
Low bisque
• Surface of porcelain is very porous and will
easily absorb water.
Medium bisque
• Surface is still porous but the flow of the glass
grains is increased and entrapped air will
become sphere shaped.
High bisque
• Surface is completely sealed and presents a
smooth texture.
• Overfired porcelain become milky or cloudy in
appearance – Devitrification.
 Glazing
• Produces smooth, shiny and impervious outer layer,
also effective in reducing Crack propagation.
2 ways
• Add-on glazing(fusing clear porcelain painted on to
the restoration and fired at the fusing temperature)
• Self glazing – most preferred technique
 Cooling

• Carried out slowly

• Rapid cooling results in cracking or
fracture of glass and loss of strength.
• After firing, placed under a glass cover
to protect it from air current and
contamination by dirt.
Other metal ceramic systems

• Capillary cast [sintered gold alloy foil

ceramic]restoration.
• Bonded platinum foil- ceramic crown
Capillary cast [sintered gold alloy foil ceramic] restoration.

• Developed by Shoher & Whiteman in 1993

• Captek- Capillary casting technique
• Supplied as thin strips in 2 forms: Captek P,
Captek G
• Captek P – Pt/Pd/Au, porous, internal
reinforcing skeleton
• Captek G – 97.5% Au and 2.5% Ag
• On heating in furnace – Captek P act as
metal sponge, draws in liquid Au
• Captek G provides gold colour
A refractory die is made after duplicating the original
die

An adhesive is painted onto the die

Strips of Captek P->cut-> adapted-> light

instrument

Captek P layer is fused in a furnace at 1075oC

Captek G layer is adapted and again heated in the

furnace to induce melting
The composite coping is divested and trimmed.

A thin layer of gold slurry called Capbond is coated

onto the coping.

Opaquer and various layers of porcelain are then

condensed

Then it is fired to form final crown.

 Advantage

• Thinner foil alloy ,greater thickness of ceramic.

• Improves esthetics.
• Less reduction of tooth structure
Bonded platinum foil- ceramic crown

 Platinum foil coping adapted.

 To improve adaptation pure gold electrodeposited.
 Followed by minimal deposition of tin.
 Advantages :
• Gold enhance vitality thereby esthetics.
• Tin help in chemical bonding
All ceramic restorations
 Classification
• Conventional ( powder – slurry) ceramics – Optec HSP
• Castable ceramics - Dicor.
• Pressable ceramics- IPS Empress
• Slip cast glass Infiltrated ceramics – Inceram alumina
• Machinable ceramics – Cerec Vita Blocks Mark I, Celay.
Powder-slurry ceramics/Sintered
porcelain/Conventional ceramics
 Aluminous core porcelain

• Mc lean and Hughes developed an

alumina reinforced pjc.
• Consisted of a glass matrix containing
40-50 wt.% of Al2O3.
• Indicated for anterior teeth
Advantages
• Improved Fracture Resistance, Better
esthetics
Disadvantages
• Low CTE : 8 x 10-6/0C.
• Large sintering shrinkage (15-20%)
• Technique sensitive
• Inadequate translucency
Leucite-reinforced porcelain (Optec HSP)

Uses : inlays, onlays,veneers and low stress

crowns
Advantages
• High strength (leucite reinforcement)
• Good translucency
• Moderate flexural strength
Disadvantages
• Marginal inaccuracy due to sintering
shrinkage.
• Fracture in posterior teeth.
• High abrasive effect on opposing teeth.
 INFILTRATED GLASS CERAMICS

• Types :

i) Glass infiltrated alumina core (In-Ceram Alumina)

ii) Glass infiltrated spinel core (In-Ceram Spinel)

i) Glass infiltrated Zirconia core (In-Ceram Zirconia)

 Inceram alumina

• Developed by a French scientist and

dentist Dr. Michael Sadoon (1980) and
first introduced in France in 1988.
Composition:
Two three-dimensional interpenetrating
phases :
• Alumina : 99.56 wt.%
• An infiltration of glass lanthanum
aluminosilicate
 Advantages Disadvantages

• Minimal firing shrinkage, hence an • Requires specialized equipment.

accurate fit. • Poor optical properties or esthetics

• High flexure strength (opaque alumina core)

• Aluminous core (opaque) : used to • Incapability of being etched

cover darkened teeth or post & core. • Slip casting is a complex technique
• Wear of opposing teeth is lesser • Considerable reduction of tooth

• Biocompatible : less plaque surface

accumulation.
In- Ceram spinel
• Introduced due to the comparatively high opacity of
the alumina core.
• Incorporating magnesium aluminate (Mg Al2O4)
results in improved optical properties
Characterized by
• Increased translucency
Advantages
• Spinel renders greater strength
characteristics.
• Spinel has extended uses
(Inlay/Onlays , ceramic core material
and Veneers.)
Disadvantages
• Incapable to be etched by HF
• 25% reduction in flexural strength
In- Ceram zirconia

• A mixture of zirconium oxide is used as a

framework material
• Physical properties were improved without
altering the proven working procedure.
• The final core of icz consists of
• 30 wt.% zirconia
• 70 wt.% alumina.
Advantages
• High flexural strength
• Can be used in high stress areas

Disadvantages
• Poor esthetics due to increased opacity.
• Inability to etch
 CASTABLE CERAMICS

Ceramic ingot is fused and cast in a refractory

investment.

• Casting at 1350˚C
• e.g. Dicor
DI-COR(Developed by Corning glass works and marketed by Dentsply)

• First commercially available castable ceramic

material.
• Non porous, non homogenous, microstructure with
uniform crystal size.
• Dicor composed of:
Tetrasilicic fluormica crystals : 55%
Glass ceramic : 45%
Fabricated using Lost Wax technique and Centrifugal
casting technique
Steps:
• Wax pattern – invested
• Dewaxing
• Molten glass cast into mould using centrifugal
casting machine
• Glass core : ceramming (heat treatment process)
• Microscopic plate-like crystals grow within the glass
matrix.
• Veneered using feldspathic ceramics : Dicor Plus
 Wax pattern Spruing Investing Burnout

Centrifugal casting 1350ºC Cast glass coping Ceramming

 Ceramming oven Crystallized glass coping

Conventional porcelain application & Firing Finished crown

Advantages:-
• Improved strength and fracture toughness.
• Good marginal fit.
• Very low firing shrinkage.
• Good esthetics.

Disadvantages:-
• Internal characterization not possible.
• Inadequate strength for posterior areas.
 Pressable ceramics

1. Pressable glass ceramic

• Leucite reinforced glass ceramics
IPS empress
Optec/OPC
• Lithia reinforced glass ceramic
IPS empress 2
OPC 3G
2. Pressable veneering ceramic
Eg: e.max Ceram, VITA omega 900
Fabricated using Lost Wax technique and heat
pressed into the mould
Steps
• Wax pattern – invested in phosphate
bonded investment
• Placed in specialized mould with alumina
plunger.
• After burnout, ceramic ingot is placed under
plunger and heated to 11500C
• Veneered using feldspathic ceramics
 Burn out 8500 C
Wax pattern Investing

Ceramic ingot Pressing under vacuum Sprue removal

& Al plunger
 IPS EMPRESS

• Higher Leucite: 23.6% - 41.3%

• Advantages:
• Heat pressing gives better marginal fit
• Good esthetics
• Natural-looking
• Moderately high flexural strength 160
MPa
Disadvantages

• Potential to fracture in posterior areas

• Need for special equipment
 IPS EMPRESS 2

 Lithium disilicate (Li2Si2O5) – 70%

 Crystal size varies from 0.5 – 4 micro M.

 Flex. Strength = 350-400 MPa
 Veneering with apatite glass ceramic
 Uses:
All-ceramic bridges
Anterior and posterior crowns
Property IPS Empress IPS Empress 2
Flexural strength (MPa) 112 400

Fracture toughness (MPa/m2) 1.3 3.3

TCE (ppm/˚C) 15.0 10.6
Pressing temp. (˚C) 1180 920
Veneering temp. (˚C) 910 800
 Machinable ceramics
CAD-CAM

• Uses digital information about the tooth preparation or

a pattern of the restoration to provide a computer-
aided design (CAD) on the video monitor for
inspection and modification.
• The image is the reference for designing a restoration
on the video monitor.
• Once the 3-D image for the restoration design is
accepted, the computer translates the image
into a set of instructions to guide a milling tool
[CAM] in cutting the restoration from a block of
material.

(1) Cerec Vitablocs-mark I

(2) Cerec Vitablocs-mark II
(3) Dicor MGC Blocks
Stages of fabrication
All systems ideally involve 5 basic stages:
1. Computerized surface digitization
2. Computer - aided design
3. Computer - assisted manufacturing
4. Computer - aided esthetics
5. Computer - aided finishing
(The last two stages are more complex and are still being developed for
including in Commercial systems.)
Scanning 3D Miniature Camera Microprocessor unit stores the pattern

Video display serves as a format Final 3-D restoration is developed from

for manual construction above again by microprocessor
Electronic information is transferred to Milling device generates a precision
miniature multiple axis milling device fitting restoration from a standard
ceramic block
CEREC SYSTEM(CERamic REConstruction)

• Brains. A. G, Switzerland in 1980

manufactured in West Germany, Siemens
group
• Consists of:
 3-D video camera (scan head)
 Electronic image processor with
memory unit
 Digital processor
 Miniature Milling machine
Materials involved :
Vita mark I, II Dicor MGC and Pro CAD

Sanidine Mica Leucite

KAlSi3O8 crystals containing
70% ceramic

Optical scanning
 DESIGN
RESTORATION Milling Try In

Cement. Adjust Occlusion Stain. Glaze

 Advantages
• Translucency and color of porcelain very closely
to natural dental tissues
• Quality of ceramic is not changed during
processing
• Can be placed in one visit
• Prefabricated ceramic is wear resistant
Disadvantages
• Teeth broken below the gumline cant be
scanned properly.
• Less durable
• Less stronger than PFM
• More tooth has to be cut.
• Inferior long-term esthetics
CEREC 2 system

• Morman & brandestini in 1994

• Advances in computing, upgraded software and
expanded form of grinding technique.

• Minor technical innovations:

• Magnification factor increased from 8x to 12x
• Improved grinding precision by 24 times
• Improved accuracy of fit
Cerec-3 that can design well-fitting inlays, onlays, crowns,
veneers etc., in a single visit.
 3D Cerec

Scanning and designing

3 dimensional viewing Milling

 COPY-MILLING TECHNOLOGY

• Ceramic blocks are carved into restorations by the aid of

computer-controlled milling machine that is guided by the
constructed wax pattern

• e.g. (1) Celay blocks

(2) Ceramill
(3) Cercon
 Cercon system

• Stone die prepared

• Wax pattern fabricated
• Pattern fixed on left side of milling machine
• Presintered Zr blank attached to right side
• Pattern on the left side is scanned ,milling tool
mills out an enlarged replica (30%)
• Milled structure is removed and sectioned’
• Sintering for 6 hrs at 13500 c
• Veneering
Wax pattern
Presintered Zr blank Milling

Separating Sintering completed core completed prosthesis

 CELAY SYSTEM
Uses copy milling technique
Resin pattern fabricated directly on master die and pattern is
used for milling porcelain restorations

Copy milling pattern

Inlay pattern out of ceramic
mounted (copy side) material (milling side)
 PROCERA SYSTEM
Dies are enlarged to compensate for sintering shrinkage.

Contact
scanner Shape on computer
Scanning screen
CAD CAM Copy milling
• Scans the preparation • Scans pattern
• Restoration designed virtually • Restoration designed manually
• Object milled from virtual • Restoration mills replica of
pattern pattern
YTZP- YTTRIUM STABILIZED ZIRCONIA CERAMICS

• Zirconium oxide (ZrO2)-strongest white shaded ceramic available.

• In stress, the tetragonal crystal phase is transformed into the monoclinic crystal
phase.
• Can be used in long span FPDs both in anterior and posterior regions.
• More esthetic
 PORCELAIN DENTURE TEETH

• More natural looking than acrylic teeth.

• Excellent biocompatibility.
• More wear resistance.
• Made of high fusing porcelain
• Retention of porcelain teeth to the denture base is by mechanical interlocking.
• Anterior teeth have projecting metal pins in it.
• Posterior teeth have holes (diatoric spaces)
• Disadvantages:-

Brittle so make clicking sound during contact.

Require greater inter ridge distance.

Higher density increases their weight.

 CERAMIC POSTS

• Pre fabricated ceramic posts with composite resin cores.

• Pre fabricated ceramic posts with pressed ceramic cores.
• Copy milled ceramic (Zirconia) post and core.
 Conclusion
• Dental ceramic technology is one of the fastest growing
areas of dental material research and development. The
past decades have seen the development of several
new groups of ceramics.
• Each system has its own merits, but may also have
shortcomings.
• Combinations of materials and techniques are beginning
to emerge which aim to exploit the best features of
each.
• Glass-ceramic and glass-infiltrated alumina blocks for
CAD-CAM restoration production are examples of these.
• The diversity and sophistication of the CAD-CAM
systems may prove to be influential in the future
 References

• Philips science of dental materials – Anusavice

• Introduction to metal ceramic technology – W. Patrick Naylor
• John J Manappallil -Basic Dental Materials –4th edition
• Textbook of Dental materials – Mahalekshmi