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Phonetics Objectives
What is phonetics?
Why should we learn Phonetics?
What is the relationship between sounds and letters?
What does the English sound system consist of?
How are sounds produced?
Vowels
Diphthongs
Consonants
Phonetics
Phonetics can be defined as the study and systematic
classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance. We
use different combinations of body parts like mouth,
tongue, teeth, lungs, throat, nasal cavity etc. for producing
different sounds.
Phonemes
Phonemes are the smallest unit of speech in a
language. For example: ‘fan' ‘man' ‘ tan’ ‘ pan' starts
with different sounds or phonemes.
Phonology
Phonology is the study of sound patterns of a language. It
is science of speech sounds including the origin and
theory, in a particular language.

IPA International Phonetic Alphabet

 Classification of Speech Sounds
ENGLISH SOUNDS-44

VOWELS-20 CONSONANTS- 24

PLOSIVES-6
PURE VOWELS/
DIPHTHONGS-8 AFFRICATES-2
MONOPHTHONGS-12

FRICATIVES-9

NASALS- 3
SHORT LONG
VOWELS-7 VOWELS-5
LATERALS-2

SEMI VOWELS-2
 Production of vowels sounds
Sounds which are produced without any obstruction of
the articulators (lips, teeth, tongue), resulting in free
flow of air, are called vowels.
 Vowels and its Classification
The five letters a, e, i, o, u are the vowel letters, and we get 20
vowel sounds from these 5vowel letters. These 20 vowels are
further divided in two parts.
Monophthongs (12) Diphthongs (8)
12 Monophthongs are further divide in two parts Long vowels (5)
and short vowels (7). These are the symbols for long vowels with
various examples to understand their pronunciation.
Long vowels
/a:/ Palm/pa:m/,Calm/ka:m/,Cart/ka:t/
/u:/ Cool/ku:l/,Fool/fu:l/,Food/fu:d/
/ɔː/ Cause/kɔːz/,Call/kɔːl/,all/ɔːl/
/i:/ Read/ri:d/,Seat/si:t/,Wheat/wi:t/
/ɜː/ Earn/ɜːn/,Learn/lɜːn/,Turn/tɜːn/
 Vowels and its Classification
Short Vowels:
These vowels are not pronounced in longer way. They are
called short vowels. These are the symbols for short vowels
with various examples with phonetic transcription to
understand the pronunciation for the sounds in a better way.
/ ə / about /əbaʊt/,ago/əgəʊ/,letter/letə/
/ i / pit /pit/,sit /sit/,kit /kit/
/ ʌ / mud /mʌd/,bus /bʌs/,cup /kʌp/, shut /ʃʌt/
/ ɒ / lot /lɒt /,cot /kɒt/,dot /dɒt/ ,pot /pɒt/
/e/ bed/bed/,head /hed/,red /red/, get /get/
/ʊ/ foot /fʊt/,good /gʊd/,cook /kʊk/, look /lʊk/
/æ / bad /bæd/,cat /kæt/,mat /mæt/, rat
 PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND SOUNDS
International phonetic alphabet symbols (IPA)
Vowels
/ə/ the, a, woman
/ɒ/ clock, what, because
/ʌ/ cut, come, mother, but, bus
/ɜː/ girl, burn, word, bird, curd
/ɑː/ car, art, heart, half
/ɔː/ or, board, door, small
/ɪ/ pin, English, business
/ɪː/ sea, bee, people, receive
/ʊ/ look, put, could
/uː/ too, blue, fruit, fool
/e/ bed, head, bury, exit
/æ/ cat, bag, apple, black
 Production of Diphthongs
Diphthongs represents a combination of two vowel
sounds within a syllable and are therefore usually long
sound.
They are also called vowel glides because there is a
glide from one vowel sound to another.(begins with
one vowel sound and ends with another vowel sound)
Diphthongs

/eɪ/ take, pay, wait

/ɑɪ/ five, sigh, buy
/ɔɪ/ noise, boy, oil
/əʊ/ no, road, broken
/ɑʊ/ round, renown, doubt
/ɪə/ here, deer, dear
/eə/ air, mayor, prayer
/ʊə/ poor, tour, moor
/eɪ/
Diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like
/ey/, /ay/, /ai/ and /a/ to form sounds similar to
“great.” Here are a few more examples:
Can you bake a cake for me?
I guess it will rain today.
You must lay down on your back and rest.
There were eight chocolates in the basket.
You must take regular breaks while working.
/ɑɪ/
Diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like
/i/, /igh/, and /y/ to form sounds similar to “eye.” Let’s
have a look at some of the examples
What made you cry yesterday?
I have kept my pen on the table.
You would like to listen to some good music.
Today seems to be a bright, sunny day.
Would you like to have some lime soda?
ɔɪ/
Diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like
/oy/ and /oi/ to form sounds similar to “oil.” Here are a
few more examples:
The boy is very active.
It seemed to be coy on the farm.
I want to play with my toy.
/əʊ/
Diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like
/ow/, /oa/ and /o/ to form sounds similar to “boat.”
Here are a few more examples:
You must not go inside the hidden cave.
Oh! It is such great news.
You should slow down while driving on the bumpers.
Did you take an education loan to support your studies?
Though it was tasty but was very expensive.
/ɑʊ/
Diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like
/ou/ and /ow/ to form sounds similar to “ow!” Here are
a few more examples:

You are bound to pay the money.

The house looks really beautiful.
/ɪə/
Diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like
/ee/, /ie/ and /ea/ to form sounds similar to “ear.” Here
are a few more examples:

What have you thought about your career?

Fear is greater than danger.
/eə/
diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like
/ai/, /a/, and /ea/ to form sounds similar to “air.” Here
are a few more examples:

These are a nice pair of shoes.

He is a liar.
This is my new chair
/ʊə/
Diphthong uses letters and letter combinations like
/oo/, /ou/, /u/, and /ue/ to form sounds similar to
“cure.” Here are a few more examples:

The teddy bear has got good fur on the body.

Yes, for sure. You would get all the things done.
 Production of consonant sounds
A consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with
complete or partial closure of the vocal tract.
Examples are [p]-pronounced with the lips
[t]-pronounced with the front of the tongue
[k] pronounced with the back of the tongue
[h]pronounced in the throat
[f] and [s] pronounced by forcing air through a narrow
channel (fricatives)and [m] and [n] which have air flowing
through the nose (nasals).
Consonants
/ʒ/ genre, measure, vision
/p/ play, stop, speak, power
/h/ hot, hair, whole, whose
/b/ bad, baby, big, object
/m/ moon, lamp, lamb
/t/ ten, later, little, pot
/n/ can, snow, pneumonia
/d/ day, advice, bed
/ŋ/ string, singer, tongue
/k/ character, quick, taxi
/l/ look, small, bottle
/g/ got, exam, ignore, finger
/r/ real, train, wrong, write
/tʃ/ chair, match, future
/j/ yes, Europe, university
/dʒ/ just, general, age, soldier
/w/ window, twin, quick, why
/f/ food, laugh, telephone
/v/ vain, over, Stephen
/θ/ thin, earth, method, both
/ð/ they, father, with
/s/ small, since, scene, psalm
/z/ zoo, goes, xenophobe
/ʃ/ shell, nation, machine
 Exercise
1. /ˈdʒʊəri/ 16. /vəʊˈkabjʊləri/ 31. /ˈkɒɡnɪzəb(ə)l/
2. / ˌedʒ ʊˈkeɪ ʃən / 17. /ˌafɪˈdeɪvɪt/ 32. / kənˈtempt /
3. /ˈlaɪbrəri orˈlaɪbri/ 18. / ˈdɪk ʃəˌnəri / 33. /əˈrest/
4. / ɪgˌzæm əˈneɪ ʃən 19. /əˈkjuːzd/ 34. / beɪl /
5. /ˌab ɪˈnɪʃɪəʊ/ 20. /kəmˈpjuːtə/ 35. / ˈwɒr ənt/
6. /ˈæktəs ˈreɪəs / 21. / ˈfrɛnd ʃɪp /
7. /kanˈtiːn/ 22. /ˈmjuːzɪk/
8. /əˈkadəmi/ 23. /ˈkɒntrakt/
9. /juːnɪˈvəːsɪti/ 24. / ˈmædʒ ɪk /
10. /ˈɪn(d)ʒ(ə)ri/ 25. /ˈvɪktɪm/
11. /ˈpəʊstbɒks/ 26. /əˈpiːl/
12. /ˈpɑːsbʊk/ 27. /ˈfoʊ kəs /
13. /ˈmɔːɡɪdʒ/ 28. /briːtʃ/
14. /əˈtəːni/ 29. /ˈadvəkəsi/
15. /ˈsɪvɪks/ 30. /ɑːbɪˈtreɪʃ(ə)n/
In English, there is no one- to -one correspondence
between spelling and sound.
In other words, the letters of the alphabet in English
do not always correspond to the speech sound.
Ex: the letter ‘g’ in the word grind sounds the same as
it does in the word girl, but ‘g’ in giraffe sounds like
the first letter in jar.
The International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA) makes it
possible for us to understand the precise and correct
pronunciation of words.
To identify sounds, we make use of written symbols of
the IPA.
One of the main problems that a person learning to speak
English language often faces is that of pronunciation.
Mastering English Pronunciation will mean learning how
to produce its sounds and also understanding how the
sounds combine to form words and sentences in speech.
Second language learners, whose mother tongue is one of
the many Indian languages, find some of the sounds of
English difficult to pronounce because they are not present
in their mother tongue and have to be learnt as new sound.
When learning spoken English, one has to learn, firstly,
how to produce the sounds of the language and, secondly,
how to utter individual words as well as complete sentences
fluently.