MEMBRANE

STRUCTURES
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 5
CONTENT
03 INTRODUCTION

04 TYPES OF MEMBRANE
STRUCTURES
13 MATERIALS

14 DESIGN PRINCIPLES

15 CONSTRUCTION METHODS

16 INSTALLATION

17 ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGES

18 APPLICATIONS

20 NOTABLE EXAMPLES

24 VIDEO PRESENTATION

26 CONCLUSION
MEMBRANE
STRUCTURES
Membra ne Structures are lightweight constructions full of
be auty and elegance . It is the art of spanning enormous
distances with minimal material thickness, where de sign is
following forces. This symbiosis of form and structure
reduce s weight, minimiz es the a mount of resources and thus
save s energy and cost and creates light flooded, striking and
impressive forms of architecture.

Membra ne structures are spatial structures made out of

tensioned membranes. The structural use of membrane s can
be divided into pneumatic structures,
tensile membrane struc tures, a nd ca ble domes. In these three
kinds of structure , me mbranes work together with ca bles,
columns and other construction membe rs to find a form
 TYPES OF MEMBRANE
STRUCTURES

TENSILE PNEUMATIC CABLE NET

STRUCTURES STRUCTURES STRUCTURES
 TYPES OF MEMBRANE
STRUCTURES

ETFE FOIL PTFE FABRIC ROOF

STRUCTURES: FIBERGLASS STRUCTURES:
STRUCTURES:
TENSILE
STRUCTURES
Tensioned membra ne structures are characteriz ed by a net of
cables and fabric membranes. The y can be designed in
various sha pes, c over small a nd large surfaces, and
withstand extreme conditions.

They can be categorized into the following subtype s:

• Cone structures : Conical-shape d membranes with a single

supporting point at the top.
• Hypar struc tures : Hyperbolic para boloid-shaped
me mbranes with opposing edges supported by se para te
points.
• Barrel vault structures : Curved membra nes resembling a
ba rrel shape, supported by multiple points along their
edges.
• Air-supported structures : Membranes that are inflated by
air pressure to cre ate a self-supporting enclosure.
TENSILE
STRUCTURES

CONE HYPAR BARREL VAULT AIR-SUPPORTED

STRUCTURES STRUCTURE STRUCTURES STRUCTURES
PNEUMATIC
STRUCTURES

They are constructed by pre ssurizing a volume of

air tha t is confined within a flexible, a irtight
struc ture. They offer lightweight, porta ble, a nd
rapidly deployable solutions.

Pneumatic me mbrane struc tures utilize air

pressure to support the membra ne and create the
desired form. These structure s are typically
temporary or se mi-pe rmanent and offer flexibility
in terms of asse mbly and disa ssembly.
CABLE NET
STRUCTURES

Cable net structure s consist of a network of

tensioned c ables that form the primary
struc tural eleme nt, with the membrane serving
as the cladding material. The cables provide
the necessary support and tension to shape the
membrane. These structures ca n create
dramatic and visua lly appealing forms, often
seen in large -span roofs or canopies.
ETFE FOIL
STRUCTURES

ETFE (Ethylene Tetra fluoroethylene) foil

struc tures utilize transparent or translucent
ETFE film as the membrane ma te rial. ETFE is
highly durable, lightweight, and resistant to
environmental factors, making it suitable for
large-scale applications. It is commonly used in
the construction of sta diums, atrium roofs, a nd
iconic architectura l landma rks.
PTFE
FIBERGLASS
STRUCTURES
PTFE (Polyte trafluoroethyle ne) fiberglass
struc tures employ a membrane made of wove n
fiberglass coated with PTFE. This combination
provides high strength, durability, and resistance
to UV ra diation. PTFE fibe rglass membranes are
often used in the construction of large -scale
roofs, sta diums, and canopies.
FABRIC ROOF
STRUCTURES

Fabric roof structures utiliz e various fabrics

such as PVC-coated polyester, polyethylene, or
polyurethane for the membra ne. These fabrics
offer a balance between dura bility, flexibility,
and cost-effec tivene ss. Fa bric roofs can be
found in applications like sports facilities,
exhibition halls, a nd shopping centers
 TYPES OF MEMBRANE
MATERIALS

PTFE PV C ETFE SILICON E

CO ATED
Po l y t e t ra fl u o ro e t h y l e n e (PT FE ) Po l y v i n y l c h l o ri d e (PVC ) i s a E t h y l e n e t e t ra fl u o ro e t h y l e n e
i s a d u ra b l e a n d fl e x i b l e p o p u l a r m a t e ri a l fo r m e m b ra n e (E T FE ) i s a h i g h -p e rfo rm a n c e Arc h i t eG
c t sLASS
m a y o p t fo r a
m a t e ri a l t h a t c a n b e u se d t o st ru c t u re s d u e t o i t s p l a s t i c m e m b ra n e m a t e ri a l t h a t m e m b ra n e m a t e ri a l t h a t i s m a d e
c re a t e l o n g -l a s t i n g m e m b ra n e a ffo rd a b i l i t y a n d v e rs a t i l i t y i n i s st ro n g , l i g h t we i g h t , a n d o f w o v e n fi b e rs c o a t e d i n
s t ru c t u re s. color and design. re s i s t a n t t o U V ra d i a t i o n . s i l i c o n e o r g l a ss t o c re a t e a
u n i q u e v i su a l e ffe c t .
DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Membrane structures are designed based on the following principles:

3.1 Form-Finding: Form -finding refe rs to the process of de te rmining the optima l sha pe of the membrane under applied
loads. Techniques such as the soap film ana logy, hanging models, or computa tional me thods like finite element analysis
are used to achieve the equilibrium state of the structure.

3.2 Struc tural Analysis : Structural analysis of membrane structure s involves e valuating the beha vior of the me mbrane
material under differe nt loads, including wind, snow, and gravity. Fa ctors such a s tension, compression, a nd bending
moments are c onsidered to ensure the structural integrity and stability of the system.

3.3 Fabric Selec tion : The selec tion of membrane materials depends on project require ments, including durability,
translucency, self-clea ning properties, and fire resistance. Commonly used membrane materials include PVC (polyvinyl
chloride), PTFE (polyte trafluoroethyle ne), and ETFE (ethylene tetra fluoroethylene).
CONSTRUCTION METHODS

Membrane structures employ various construction methods based on design and site-specific factors:

4.1 Tensioning Techniques : Membrane materials are tensioned using tec hniques such as clamping, la cing, or pre-
stressing. These methods ensure proper tension distribution and he lp mainta in the de sire d shape and stability of the
structure.

4.2 Fabrication and Insta lla tion : Membrane panels are typically fabric ated off-site and transported to the construc tion site
for installation. Depending on the design, membra nes are attached to struc tural supports using fastening systems, such as
cables, clamps, or tracks.

4.3 Foundation Design : The design of foundations for membrane struc tures is crucial to ensure stability and load transfer.
Foundations can include concrete footings, ground anchors, or tensioned cables.
INSTALLATION
The installation of membrane structures involves several steps to ensure proper assembly and stability. Here is a general overview of the
installation process:

1.Site Preparation: Prepa re the site where the membrane structure will be installed. Clear the area of any obsta cles or
debris and ensure the ground is le veled and compacted.

2. Foundation: Depe nding on the size and design of the me mbrane struc ture, a suitable foundation nee ds to be
construc ted. This can include concrete footings, steel piers, or other foundation systems that provide sta bility and
support.

3. Frame Assembly : The frame or skeleton of the membrane structure is assemble d according to the design spe cifications.
This typically involves e recting steel or aluminum support bea ms, columns, and other struc tural eleme nts. The fra me
should be se cure ly anchored to the foundation

4. Membra ne Installation: Once the frame is in place , the membrane material is installed. Membranes are typically made
of lightweight and flexible materials such as PVC, PTFE, or ETFE. The me mbranes are often pre-fa bricated in panels that
are then conne cted and tensioned over the frame .
INSTALLATION

5. Tensioning : Proper tensioning of the me mbrane is cruc ia l to ac hieve the desired shape, stability, and durability.
Tensioning devices such as ra tc hets, turnbuckles, or winches are used to apply tension to the membrane material. This
process may require adjustments and fine-tuning to ensure an e ven distribution of tension and a smooth appearance .

6.Connection and Finishing: Various components such as clamps, bolts, cable s, or specialized connectors are used to
secure the membra ne to the frame and crea te a tight sea l. These connections should be ca refully made to ensure structural
integrity and weather resista nce. The installation is completed by addressing any finishing touches, such as trimming
excess membrane material, a dding edge de ta ils, and installing acce ssories like doors, windows, or ventilation systems.

7.Quality Control: After the installation is complete, a thorough inspection should be c onduc te d to ensure that the
membrane struc ture is properly installed and meets the require d sta ndards. This can include chec king te nsion levels,
verifying connections, and addressing any issues that may a rise.
ADVANTAGES OF
MEMBRANE
STRUCTURES
• Lightweight and Flexible : Membrane structures a re typica lly lightweight and flexible, as they use a minimal a mount
of material to crea te large , spanning structures. This makes them easier and more cost-effec tive to transport and
install.

• Aesthetica lly Plea sing : Membrane structures c an create visually stunning archite ctural designs. The y offer a wide
range of shape s, curves, and transluce ncy options, allowing for unique and visually appealing structures.

• Natural Light Tra nsmission : The transluce nt nature of membrane materials a llows natural light to penetrate the
struc ture, creating a bright and airy environment. This reduce s the need for artificial lighting during the day, resulting
in energy savings.

• Durability : High-quality membrane materia ls, such as polytetra fluoroethylene (PTFE) or polyvinyl c hloride (PVC),
are designe d to be dura ble and resistant to weathering, UV radiation, and mildew. They can withstand ha rsh
environmental conditions a nd have a long lifespan.

• Quic k Construction : Compared to traditional construction methods, membrane structures can be assembled relatively
quickly. The lightweight components and simplified construction process lea d to shorter construction timeline s,
reducing costs and minimizing disruption to the surrounding environment.
DISADVANTAGES OF
MEMBRANE
STRUCTURES
• Initia l Cost : Membrane structures often require higher initial investments compared to conventional building
materials. The specialized materials, engineering, and installation expertise contribute to the increased cost. However,
long-te rm cost savings may be realized through energy effic ie ncy a nd re duced maintenance expense s.

• Maintenance Requirements : While membrane materia ls are designe d to be durable, they still require regular
maintena nce to ensure the ir longevity. Periodic inspections, cleaning, and repairs may be necessary to maintain the
struc ture's integrity.

• Limited Load-Bearing Ca pacity : Membrane structures have limited load-bea ring ca pacity compared to traditional
building materia ls like steel or concrete. This restricts the use of these structure s in certain applications that require
heavy loads or large spans without additional support.

• Fire Resistance : Membrane materials are genera lly not as fire-resistant as tra ditional c onstruction materials. However,
flame-retardant coatings or treatme nts c an be applied to improve their fire resistance .

• Noise Transmission : Membrane structures may allow more noise transmission compared to solid structures. This can
be mitigated through the use of additional sound-absorbing materia ls or design c onsiderations.
APPLICATIONS OF MEMBRANE
STRUCTURES
Membrane structures have diverse applications across various sectors:

Sports Facilities: Membrane structures a re commonly used for stadium roofs, indoor sports arenas, and practice facilities,
providing weather prote ction and visually striking architec tural features.

Exhibition Halls and Event Space s : Temporary or semi-permanent membrane structures are utilized for exhibitions, trade
shows, and cultural events due to their lightweight and flexible nature.

Transporta tion Infrastructure : Membrane structures find application in transporta tion hubs, such as airport terminals,
train stations, and bus shelters, offering weather protec tion and architectura l appea l.

Commercial and Residential Buildings : Membrane structures c an be incorporated into c ommercial and residential
buildings as ca nopies, atrium roofs, or fac ades, creating visually a ppe aling entrances and covered outdoor spa ces.

Environmental Structures : Membrane structures a re used for covered walkways, shading structures, and greenhouse s,
maximizing natural light and ve ntilation while promoting sustaina ble design pra ctices.
NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE PROJECTS

THE O2 ARENA (LONDON, UNITED KINGDOM): THE ALLIANZ ARENA (MUNICH, GERMANY)

THE O2 ARENA, FORMERLY KNOWN AS THE MILLENNIUM THE ALLIANZ ARENA IS A RENOWNED FOOTBALL STADIUM
DOME, IS AN ICONIC MEMBRANE STRUCTURE LOCATED IN KNOWN FOR ITS UNIQUE MEMBRANE EXTERIOR. THE
LONDON. IT FEATURES A LARGE FABRIC ROOF SUPPORTED BY STADIUM'S FACADE CONSISTS OF INFLATED ETFE PANELS
STEEL CABLES AND IS ONE OF THE LARGEST DOMES IN THE THAT CAN CHANGE COLORS, ALLOWING THE ENTIRE
WORLD. THE STRUCTURE HOSTS A VARIETY OF EVENTS, BUILDING TO BE ILLUMINATED IN DIFFERENT HUES. THE
Back to Agenda
INCLUDING CONCERTS, SPORTS EVENTS, AND EXHIBITIONS. TRANSLUCENT MEMBRANE CREATES A STRIKING VISUAL
EFFECT BOTH DURING THE DAY AND AT NIGHT.
NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE PROJECTS

THE NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER (BEIJING, CHINA) THE EDEN PROJECT (CORNWALL, UNITED KINGDOM):

ALSO KNOWN AS THE WATER CUBE, THE NATIONAL AQUATICS

THE EDEN PROJECT IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
CENTER WAS ONE OF THE PROMINENT VENUES DURING THE 2008
CENTER AND BOTANICAL GARDEN FAMOUS FOR ITS UNIQUE
BEIJING OLYMPICS. ITS INNOVATIVE MEMBRANE STRUCTURE,
BIOME STRUCTURES. THESE LARGE, BUBBLE-LIKE
MADE OF ETFE CUSHIONS, GIVES IT THE APPEARANCE OF A CUBE
STRUCTURES FEATURE ETFE PANELS SUPPORTED BY STEEL
WRAPPED IN A TRANSLUCENT BLUE BUBBLE. THE LIGHTWEIGHT
FRAMES. THE MEMBRANES CREATE A CONTROLLED
AND TRANSLUCENT
Back to Agenda NATURE OF THE MEMBRANE ALLOWED
ENVIRONMENT WITHIN EACH BIOME, ALLOWING FOR THE
AMPLE NATURAL LIGHT TO ENTER THE INTERIOR, CREATING A
CULTIVATION OF DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES FROM AROUND
VISUALLY STUNNING AQUATIC VENUE.
THE WORLD.
NOTABLE EXAMPLES OF MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE PROJECTS

THE DENVER INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (DENVER, USA) THE KHAN SHATYR ENTERTAINMENT CENTER (NUR-SULTAN,
KAZAKHSTAN)
THE DENVER INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SHOWCASES A STRIKING
WHITE MEMBRANE ROOF COVERING THE JEPPESEN TERMINAL. THE KHAN SHATYR ENTERTAINMENT CENTER IS A GIANT TENT-
THE ROOF, COMPOSED OF TEFLON-COATED FIBERGLASS LIKE STRUCTURE FEATURING A TRANSPARENT ETFE MEMBRANE.
MEMBRANE PANELS, PROVIDES A VISUALLY APPEALING AND THE STRUCTURE HOUSES VARIOUS ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES,
FUNCTIONAL ENCLOSURE. THE MEMBRANE ALLOWS DIFFUSED INCLUDING SHOPPING AREAS, RESTAURANTS, AND AN INDOOR
NATURAL LIGHT TO ENTER THE TERMINAL, REDUCING THE NEED
Back to Agenda BEACH RESORT. THE TRANSLUCENT MEMBRANE ALLOWS
FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING AND CREATING A BRIGHT AND NATURAL DAYLIGHT TO ILLUMINATE THE INTERIOR, PROVIDING
SPACIOUS ATMOSPHERE. A UNIQUE EXPERIENCE FOR VISITORS.
 VIDEO
PRESENTATION
CONCLUSION

Membra ne structures provide a unique and innovative approach to architectural design, offering lightweight, durable, and
visually striking building solutions. Their ve rsatility, energy efficiency, and aesthetic appeal make them increasingly
popular across various industries. As technology and design advancements continue to evolve, membrane structures a re
expected to play a significant role in shaping the future of arc hitecture.