Pemex Short Course

Offshore Drilling

Lesson 1
Introduction

1
 Lesson 1 - Introduction

 Floating Drilling Outline

 Floating Drilling Vessels
 Types of Motion
 Types of Waves
 When is Drilling Possible (WOW)
 Vessel Capacities
 Movement of Liquids

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 Introduction - cont’d

Instructor: Jerome J. Schubert

Phone: 979/862-1195
E-mail: schubert@spindletop.tamu.edu

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 Introduction - cont’d

Drilling Lessons:
Can be found on the web at:
http://pumpjack.tamu.edu/~schubert/

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 References

1. Floating Drilling: Equipment and its Use,

Practical Drilling Technology, Vol.2, by Riley
Sheffield, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston,
TX, 1980.

2. Applied Drilling Engineering, by Adam T.

Bourgoyne Jr., Martin E. Chenevert. Keith K.
Millheim and F.S. Young. SPE Textbook Series,
Vol. 2, Society of Petroleum Engineers,
Richardson, TX, 1991.

5
 References

1. IADC Deepwater Well Control Guidelines,

Published by the International Association of
Drilling Contractors, Houston, TX, 1998.
281-578-7171

2. Design for Reliability in Deepwater

Drilling Operations, by L. M. Harris. The
Petroleum Publishing Company, Tulsa, OK,
1979.
6
 References - cont’d

3. An Introduction to Marine Drilling, by

Malcolm Maclachlan. Dayton’s Oilfield
Publications Limited, P. O. Box 11, Ledbury,
Herefordshire HR8 1BN, England, 1987.

4. Drilling Engineering, A complete Well

Planning Approach, by Neal Adams and
Tommie Carrier. PennWell Publishing
Company, Tulsa, OK, 1985.
7
 References - cont’d

5. Practical Well Planning and Drilling

Manual, by Steve Devereux. PennWell
Publishing Company, Tulsa, OK, 1998.

6. Oilwell Drilling Engineering, Principles

and Practice, by H. Rabia. Graham &
Trotman. Printed by The Alden Press,
Oxford, UK, 1985.

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 Schedule

•Introduction to Class,
•Deepwater Platforms
•Floating Vessels,
•Types of Motion, Station Keeping
•Wellheads and BOP’s in Floating Drilling
•Drilling Risers, High Pressure Riser
•Motion Compensation
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 Schedule
• Pore Pressure and Prediction
• Fracture Gradients
• LWD and Formation Test
• Special Problems in Floating Drilling
• Shallow water Flows; Hydrates
• Dual Gradient Drilling

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 Schedule
 SpecialApplications
 Well Control

11
Drilling Rigs

 Drilling Systems
 Drilling Rigs

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 Rotary Drilling

 Drilling Team
 Drilling Rigs
 Rig Power System
 Hoisting System
 Circulating System . . .
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 Rotary Drilling - cont’d

 The Rotary System

 The Well Control System
 Well-Monitoring System
 Special Marine Equipment
 Drilling Cost Analysis
 Examples
14
 Noble
Drilling’s
Cecil
Forbes

A Jack-Up
Rig

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 Sonat’s A Semi-
George Submersible
Washington Rig

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Zapata’s
Trader

A Drillship

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18
TENSION LEG PLATFORM
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 Shell’s
Bullwinkle
World’s tallest
offshore structure

1,353’ water
depth

Production
began in 1989
45,000 b/d
80MM scf/d
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 Fig. 1.5
Classification of
rotary drilling rigs
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 Drilling Operations
Field Engineers, Drilling Foremen
A. Well planning prior to SPUD
B. Monitor drilling operations
C. After drilling, review drilling results and
recommend future improvements
- prepare report.
D. General duties.
What are the well requirements?
Objectives, safety, cost
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Criteria for determining
depth limitation
 Derrick
 Drawworks
 Mud Pumps
 Drillstring
 Mud System
 Blowout Preventer
 Power Plant
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 A Rotary Rig
Hoisting System

24
 Projection of
Drilling Lines
on Rig Floor

E = efficiency = Ph/Pi = W/(n Ff ) or Ff = W/(nE)… (1.7)

TOTAL
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 Load on Derrick
(considering friction in sheaves)

Derrick Load = Hook Load

+ Fast Line Load

+ Dead Line Load

Fd = W + Ff + Fs
W W  1  E  En 
Fd  W   = W
En n  En 

E = overall efficiency: E = en
e.g., if individual sheave efficiency = 0.98 and n = 8, then E = 0.851 26
 Example 1.2
A rig must hoist a load of 300,000 lbf. The
drawworks can provide an input power to the block
and tackle system as high as 500 hp. Eight lines are
strung between the crown block and traveling block.
Calculate
1. The static tension in the fast line
when upward motion is impending,
2. the maximum hook horsepower
available,

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 Example 1.2, cont.
3. the maximum hoisting speed,
4. the actual derrick load,
5. the maximum equivalent derrick
load, and,
6. the derrick efficiency factor.

Assume that the rig floor is arranged as

shown in Fig. 1.17.
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 Solution
1. The power efficiency for n = 8 is given as 0.841 in
Table 1.2. The tension in the fast line is given by Eq. 1.7.

W 300,000
F   44,590 lb
E n 0.841* 8
( alternatively, E = 0.988 = 0.851 )
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 Solution
2. The maximum hook horsepower
available is


Ph = Epi = 0.841(500) = 420.5 hp.

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 Solution
3. The maximum hoisting speed is given by

Ph
vb 
W
 33,000 ft - lbf / min 
420.5 hp  
 hp 

300,000 lbf
= 46.3 ft / min
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 Solution to 3., cont.
To pull a 90-ft stand would require

90 ft
t  1.9 min.
46.3 ft / min

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 Solution
4. The actual derrick load is given by
Eq.1.8b:
 1  E  En 
Fd   W
 En 
 1 + 0.841 + 0.841(8) 
=  (300,000)
 0.841(8) 
= 382,090 lbf.
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 Solution
5. The maximum equivalent load is given
by Eq.1.9:

 n4 8 4
Fde    W   * 300,000
 n   8 

Fde  450,000 lbf

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 Solution
6. The derrick efficiency factor is:

Fd 382,090
Ed  
Fde 450,000

E d  0.849 or 84.9%
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Drillship
- moored

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37
Heave
Surge
Sway

Roll
Pitch
Yaw

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 Vessel Motions

Motions restricted to the horizontal plane

SURGE: Translation fore and aft (X-axis)
SWAY: Translation port and starboard (Y-axis)
YAW: Rotation about the Z-axis (rotation about
the moonpool)

Motions that operate in vertical planes

HEAVE: Translation up and down (Z-axis)
ROLL: Rotation about the X-axis
PITCH: Rotation about the Y-axis
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40
 Wave Direction

Beam Waves

Head
Waves

Quartering Waves
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42
43
Roll vs. Significant Wave Height

Significant Wave Height, ft

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What is Significant Wave Height?

Significant wave height is the average height

of the 1/3 highest waves in a sample.

EXAMPLE The significant wave height in the

following sample is 24 ft.
7, 21, 19, 11, 18, 26, 13, 17, 25

[ Sign. WH = (21 + 26 + 25) / 3 = 24 ft ]

Avg. WH = (7, 21, 19, 11, 18, 26, 13, 17, 25) / 3 = 17.4 ft
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Heave vs. Significant Wave Height

Significant Wave Height, ft

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Heave vs. Wave Approach Angle

BOW BEAM 47
Roll & Pitch vs. Wave Approach Angle

BOW BEAM 48
Typical Vessel Motion Limits - Criteria

Operation Wave Height Heave

ft ft

Drilling Ahead 30 10
Running and
Setting Casing 22 6
Landing BOP and Riser 15 3
Transferring Equipment 15 -

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50
 SEMI
SHIP

10% vs. 1.5 %

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52
53
What is “lt” ?
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Some Definitions

Freeboard

Draft

Width

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56
G = center of gravity. B = center of buoyancy

G is
above B!

57
 NOTE:
B has moved!

GZ =
righting
arm
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59
Dynamic Stability - for certification

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 Dynamic Stability

For adequate stability, the area under the

righting moment curve to the second
intercept or to the down-flooding angle,
whichever is less, must be a given amount
in excess of the area under the wind
heeling moment curve to the same limiting
angle. The excess of this area must be at
least 40% for shiplike vessels and 30% for
column-stabilized units (see Fig. above).
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 Free Surface Effects

CG moves!

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Tall, narrow tank is more stable ...

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Effect of Fluid Level in Tank

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 Moment Arm (only)

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Effect of Partitions in Tank

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 The Vessel - Classification
Three classification societies are particularly
important to offshore drilling. These societies are:

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