History of Medicine 1

Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 49

The History of Medicine 1

BAP
2024

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


THE PRACTISE OF MEDICINE

• SCIENCE OR ART?

• MEDICINE PRESENTS… “the most perfect interchange between science and


art: offering the most direct alliance between intellectual conquest and social
good”. (George Elliot)

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


•“ First, do no
harm!”

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


• Approach to illness and disease from ancient times to the present have
evolved through societies and cultures

• Early medical traditions include those of Babylon, Egypt, China and India.

• Geographically distinct, but common themes emerged

• Centered around trying to ascribe a cause for presenting symptoms

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


• Initially: Three distinct eras, each demarcated by its own paradigm:
– (1) the era of sanitary statistics with its paradigm, miasma ( remember – malaria!);
– (2) the era of infectious disease epidemiology with its paradigm, the germ theory;
– (3) the era of chronic disease epidemiology with its paradigm, the black box.
• In each era, public health was at the center of the concerns of the founders
and early protagonists of the prevailing paradigm

• Now: consider the CHINESE BOX theory!

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


Pre-historic Medicine

• Herbalism : observation of the behavior of fauna of plants as healing agents,


as well as clays and soils
• Medicinal knowledge base developed and passed between generations : oral
history
• Pictures in caves show that Neanderthals may have engaged in medical
practices
• Evidence of dental extractions, amputations and trepanning - ??? To release “
evil spirits’ thought to be responsible for seizures

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


Egyptian medicine (3150 B.C.)

• To a considerable extent, dealt with the


supernatural, it eventually developed a practical
use in the fields of anatomy, public health, and
clinical diagnostics.
• Powerful religious beliefs, with many gods e.g.
Thoth, god of healing. Provided the explanation
for afflictions such as illness for which there was
no obvious cause
• 1st to keep accurate written health records :
Edwin Smith Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian
medical text, named after the dealer who bought
it in 1862, and the oldest known surgical treatise
on trauma.
• Patients were examined and simple surgery was
performed
• Believed in life after death and preserved the
bodies of important people by mummification for
the afterlife
UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 7
Egyptian medicine

• Bloodletting
• Monthly purging
• Making prosthetic devices
• Embalming

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 8


Egyptian medicine

• Prosthetic, wood and leather “great toe” found


on foot of Egyptian mummy

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 9


Egyptian medicine

• Surgeons in ancient Egypt were both priests and


doctors, blending ritual with medicine
• Pictured preparing a patient for surgery

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 10


Ancient Indian medicine (3300 B.C.)

• The Atharvaveda, a sacred text


of Hinduism dating from the Early Iron Age, is
one of the first Indian texts dealing with
medicine.
• Contained prescriptions for herbs for various
ailments.
• Would later form a large part of Ayurveda:
"complete knowledge for long life" is another
medical system of India.

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 11


• Involved traditional herbal practices, new theories, classification of illnesses
and therapies dating from about 600 BCE onwards
• Evolved from communities of thinkers which included the Buddha and others
• “Health and disease are not predetermined and life may be prolonged by
human effort”

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


Ancient Indian medicine

• Practiced surgical procedures such as:


– hernia repairs
– amputations
– C-sections
– cosmetic surgery to nose,
earlobes, & harelips
(Susruta)

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 13


Ancient Indian medicine

• Drawing of plastic surgery


flap to replace nose

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 14


Ayurvedic Medicine

• Ayus (life) and Veda (knowledge or science)


• The body has three main forces called Doshas
• Health, character and appearance are influenced
by the dominant Doshas
• ( Across the globe …the 4 humors!)

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 15


Ayurvedic Medicine

• The goal of ayurvedic medicine is to bring the


Doshas into a balance
• The pulse and the physical appearance can
provide clues as to what is causing the
imbalance
• Some therapies are designed to purge
symptoms (vomiting, enemas)
• Concerned with preventing illness

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 16


Traditional Chinese Medicine

• Weather, spirits and the time of day can all affect


health
• A cosmic energy force called qi (chi) connects
everything in the universe and allows the
surroundings to influence a person’s health
• Qi must flow freely through the body to promote
harmony.
• The qi is divided into ying and yang

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 17


• Empirical observations of disease and illness by Taoist physicians

• Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon : 5th century to 3rd century BCE

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


Traditional Chinese medicine

• Illness is a symptom of an imbalance of ying and


yang
• Qi may be blocked, weak or imbalanced
• Ying and yang influence appearance, pulse,
sounds and smells of your body
• Acupuncture or drugs are treatment modalities

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 19


Traditional Chinese medicine

• Women were reluctant to be


examined directly by male
doctors Used ivory dolls
• Women would use the doll
and point to “problem” areas

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 20


Traditional Chinese medicine

• Acupuncture - stimulating energy points with


needles/pressure relieved obstructions enabling
body to heal.

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 21


Traditional Chinese medicine

Herbs used to treat diseases Ancient Chinese herb pharmacy

• Ginseng – reduces stress


• Liqorice – treats muscle
spasms
• Ginger – treats diarrhea

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 22


Traditional Chinese medicine

• Many Chinese herbs were


prepared as teas

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 23


• Western medicine introduced into China first by the Jesuits, and then by
Christian medical missionaries from the London Missionary Society

• Founded Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese was founded in 1887

• First graduate Sun Yat-sen led the Chinese Revolution of 1911

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


Two Great Names in the History of Greek Medicine

• Hippocrates-dominated the beginning of a period of remarkable scientific


creativity, which lasted more than 700 years
• Galen—near the end of the period, both furthered scientific knowledge and
crystallized it in an amazing volume of written works. His influence lasted for
1500 years/45 generations

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 25


Hippocrates(460 B.C.- 377 B.C.)

• Hippocrates is known as the “Father of (Modern) Medicine”


• Considered one of the greatest physicians the world has ever known
• The first to attempt to separate the practice of medicine from religion and
superstition
• Hippocrates developed his pledge of proper conduct for doctors
• “I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but
never with the view to injury and wrong doing…Into whatsoever houses I
enter, I will enter to help the sick…”

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 26


Hippocrates(460 B.C.- 377 B.C.)

• Hippocrates (400 B.C.) - “On Airs, Waters, and Places”


• Earliest reference to epidemiologic thinking
• Emphasized familiarity not only with the patient’s symptoms, but also with the
season of the year, the patient’s living conditions, diet, fluid intake, and
exercise habits

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 27


Hippocrates(460 B.C.- 377 B.C.)

• “On Airs, Waters, and Places”


• “For if one knows all these things well, or at least the greater part of
them, he cannot miss knowing, when he comes into a strange city,
either the diseases peculiar to the place, or the particular nature of
common diseases, so that he will not be in doubt as to the treatment of
the diseases, or commit mistakes, as is likely to be the case provided
one had not previously considered these matters. And in particular, as
the season and the year advances, he can tell what epidemic diseases
will attack the city, either in summer or in winter, and what each
individual will be in danger of experiencing from the change of regimen”

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 28


The Hippocratic Oath

• Hippocrates also made changes in how physicians looked upon their


profession
• During his time, a doctor was sometimes bribed to see that a patient died, or
asked to prepare poison to kill an enemy
• If a ruler wanted to rid himself of a rival, he could hire a court physician who
would see that the rival became sick and died.
• Hippocrates taught against such improper conduct. He told his students to
treat everyone the same.
• “Sometimes give your services for nothing…for where there is love of man,
there is also love of medicine”

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 29


The Hippocratic Oath

• A statement describing proper conduct


• A guideline for honorable standards of action
• “I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, but
never with the view to injury and wrong doing…Into whatsoever houses I
enter, I will enter to help the sick”

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 30


Galen

• Great 2nd century physician and anatomist, spent his early medical career as
a surgeon to the gladiators
• Employed as many as 20 scribes to write down all that he said in the work.
• He dissected countless animals in his prolific medical research, but no bodies
• Described wounds as “Windows to the Body”
• Also studied philosophy and wrote that a motive of profit was incompatible
with a serious devotion to medicine, stating that doctors must learn to despise
money.
• A proponent of the miasma theory of infection, which essentially blamed
infection on clouds of poisonous gases

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 31


Galen

• Galen made the first attempts to master anatomy. He studied the anatomy of
animals and applied it to humans
• Medical schools used Galen’s books as textbooks for more than a thousand
years. He became the undisputed authority, despite the apparent fallacies

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 32


Galen

• From the 4 elements: earth, air, fire and water derived the idea of the 4
humours(or fluids) of black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm with their
associated melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic temperaments
• It was believed that the balance of these humours in the body determined
physical states of health

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 33


Galen

• Galen believed that disease resulted from an imbalance of the vital fluids, or
humors, of the body
• This idea was developed by Hippocrates
• “The body has in itself blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile…We enjoy
the most perfect health when these elements are in the right proportion”

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 34


UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 35
Galen

• Pictured in a 2nd century Roman home applying


cupping, a form of treatment that he advocated
• Galen was the last important pillar in the
millennium of Greek domination of the medical
world

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 36


Arab medicine

• Called Arab medicine because of the language in which it was written


• Contributed significantly to the field of medicine: pharmacy, physiology,
and surgery.
• Greatly influenced by Hippocrates and Galen, and in turn, the medical
thinking of the West from the 12th to 15th centuries
• Avicenna(980-1037 A.D.), the “prince of physicians,” is noted for his Canon of
Medicine
• Persian physician Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi was one of the first to
question humorism

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 37


Avicenna(980-1037 A.D.) and the
Canon of Medicine

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 38


Medicine in Europe (1400s)

• Renaissance : University medicine - first occurred in northern Italy


( Salerno), then in France and in England (Oxford)
• Germany lagged behind, but by 1400 many areas of Western Europe had
their own institutions of higher learning
• Humorism still prevailed as a theory.

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 39


Medicine in Europe

• 1500s
• The comparatively well patients (on the right)
were separated from the very ill (on the left)
• Note there were always two patients to a bed

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 40


Medicine in Europe

• Father of modern toxicology


• Phillipus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von
Hohenheim
• “All substances are poisons; there is none which
is not a poison
• The right dose differentiates a poison and a
remedy.”

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 41


Medicine in Europe

• Andreas Versalius(1514-1564). Chair of Surgery and Anatomy at the University


of Padua
• Was the first master of human anatomy.
• His careful studies provided doctors with the accurate information that they need
to save lives.
• Versalius did not accept the teachings of Galen without experimenting on his
own.
• Versalius kept a copy of Galen’s books on hand and made changes in them. He
found over 200 mistakes in the ancient books—mistakes that were still being
taught by doctors of his day
• Versalius learned human anatomy by looking at humans not just animals.
• He made detailed drawings of his findings so others could also learn.
UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 42
Medicine in Europe

• Versalius was just 28 when he published “The Fabric of the Human Body” in
1543
• Contained 663 pages and 300 beautiful illustrations.
• He spent his personal fortune in its publication
• Marked a turning point in the history of medicine.

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 43


UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 44
UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 45
Medicine in Europe

• Paracelsus(1493-1541) and Chemical Remedies


• Paracelsus was an enigmatic character, flamboyant, quarrelsome and
reforming. His somewhat eccentric behavior prevented his settling down in
any one place and gave his life a vagabond flavour
• Not content with refuting the authority of Galen and Avicenna, he publicly
burned their books
• Most of his influence came after his death.
• Paracelsus is a highly controversial figure in the history of medicine, with most
experts hailing him as a Father of Modern Medicine for shaking off religious
orthodoxy and inspiring many researchers; others say he was a mystic more
than a scientist and downplay his importance.

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 46


• Pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine.
• Sickness and health in the body relied on the harmony of man (microcosm)
and Nature (macrocosm).
• Balance came not from soul-purification but that there must be a balance of
minerals in their bodies
• Illnesses of the body had chemical remedies that could cure them
• He is credited with enlisting the help of chemicals in therapeutics and
vigorously opposing polypharmacy, or the prescription of multiple ingredients
in a single medicine

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


Traditional African medicine

• Varied throughout the continent, several similar features


• Community based, holistic approach to medicine
• Physical and spiritual aspects are equally important
• Some illnesses are related specifically to one or the other

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 48


Traditional African medicine

• Healers might ask why the patient is ill, diviners with special powers might be
asked to find the source of disease
• Treatments depend on the source of the problem
• Massage and herbalist remedies are common
• Communal song and dance are also prescribed frequently as remedies

UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS 49

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy