MODULE 1: LESSON 2

PRACTICAL RESEARCH I

Characteristics,
Processes and Ethics of
Research
JOSELLE B. MAGBANUA
Teacher II
 OBJECTIVES 01
describe the characteristics
of research;
At the end of this module,
you are expected to learn the
following Competencies:
02 illustrate the processes
of research; and

define ethics in
03
05 research.
REVIEW

GIVE 5 IMPORTANCE
OF RESEARCH IN OUR
DAILY LIVES
WIKARAMBULAN
TDMIIOHCE
METHODICAL
JECTIBOVE
OBJECTIVE
LCATANYLI
ANALYTICAL
LAMIPERIC
EMPIRICAL
LGOILCA
LOGICAL
MODULE 1: LESSON 2
PRACTICAL RESEARCH I

Characteristics
of Research
Characteristics of Research

1 EMPIRICAL

Research is based on direct

experience or observation by
the researcher.
Characteristics of Research
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
EXAMPLE 1

If a researcher is studying the effects of a new

drug, empirical data would involve conducting
experiments, observing patients, and collecting
real-world data on how 05the drug affects their
health.
Characteristics of Research (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2017)

Research should be logical. 2

Research is based on valid procedures

and principles. It follows a systematic
and rational approach to ensure the
results are reliable and valid.
05
 Characteristics of Research (Cristobal & Cristobal,
2017)

2 EXAMPLE

In a survey, logical procedures would involve

designing unbiased questions, ensuring a
representative sample, and using statistical
methods to analyze the data, ensuring the
research process is methodical and logical.
Characteristics of Research (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2017)
3 Research is Cyclical

Research is cyclical because it starts and

ends with a problem. It is an ongoing
process where one study often leads to
new questions or areas for further
investigation.
Characteristics of Research
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
EXAMPLE 3

Imagine a researcher starts by investigating the

impact of technology on learning in a classroom. The
findings may raise new questions about specific
aspects of technology or teaching methods, leading to
a new cycle of research to explore those aspects
05

further.
Characteristics of Research (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2017)
4 Research is Analytical
It carefully looking at information (data) in a
structured way. Whether the research is historical,
descriptive, experimental, or a case study, it
involves applying established methods of analysis
to interpret the collected information. ( They use
reliable methods to analyze the information they gather. )
Characteristics of Research
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
EXAMPLE 4

In a medical research study, analytical procedures

might involve statistical analyses to determine the
significance of treatment effects on patients,
demonstrating how data is processed and interpreted
systematically. 05
Characteristics of Research (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2017)
5 Research is Critical

Research exhibits careful and precise

judgment. Researchers must critically
evaluate sources, methodologies, and
findings to ensure the reliability and validity of
the research.
Characteristics of Research
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
EXAMPLE 5

When reviewing literature for a research project, a

critical approach would involve assessing the
credibility of sources, identifying potential biases, and
evaluating the strength of arguments to make informed
decisions about which information to include in the
05

study.
Characteristics of Research (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2017)
6 Research is Methodical

Research is methodical, conducted without

bias, using systematic methods and
procedures. This emphasizes the importance
of a structured and organized approach
throughout the research process.
Characteristics of Research
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
EXAMPLE 6

In social science research, a methodical approach

might involve carefully designing survey questions,
selecting a representative sample, and applying
standardized data collection methods to ensure the
study's reliability and replicability.
05
Characteristics of Research (Cristobal &
Cristobal, 2017)
6 Research is Replicability

Replicability is a characteristic where the research

design and procedures are replicated or repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive
results. It highlights the importance of other researchers
being able to reproduce the study to verify its findings.
Characteristics of Research
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
EXAMPLE 7

If a researcher conducts an experiment to test a

hypothesis, replicability would involve another
researcher following the same procedures and
conditions to see if they achieve similar results. This
helps establish the reliability of the original study.
05
 Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to take
in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):
Define new problem

Conclusion / Recommendation Step 7

Analyze data.
Step 6
Data gathering procedure
Step 5

Methodology
Step 4

Review the literature.

Step 3

Define the research problem.

Step 2

Step 1
 Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to
take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Define and develop your topic

Step 1
(Research Problem)
Think about what you want to study. It
could be something you're interested in,
something you can afford to research,
and something you have the skills to
investigate.
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to
take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Step 1 Factors to consider in

Selecting a Research Problem
1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and
training
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to
take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Step 1 Example:

If you love animals, you might

choose a topic like "The Impact of
Pet Ownership on Mental Health."
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to
take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):
Find background information
Step 2 about your chosen topic
(Review of Related Literature).
Read various publications or surf the internet to
become aware of the previous works already done
about the chosen topic. This helps you understand
what's known and what gaps exist in the
knowledge.
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to take
in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):
Plan Your Research Design
Step 3 Including Your Sample
(Methodology)
Decide how you will conduct
your study and who will be part
of it (your sample).
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to take
in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Step 3 EXAMPLE

If you're studying the impact of pet

ownership, you might plan to
interview pet owners and non-pet
owners to compare their
experiences.
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need
to take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):
Gather Necessary Data Using Open-Ended
Step 4 Questions (for Qualitative Research) and
Closed-Ended Questionnaire or Paper-Pencil
Test Questionnaire (for Quantitative
Research) (Data Gathering Activities)

Collect information from your chosen participants.

This could involve asking them questions in
interviews or having them fill out surveys.
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need
to take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Step 4 EXAMPLE

If you're doing qualitative research, you might ask

open-ended questions like, "How does having a pet
affect your mood?" For quantitative research, you
might use a survey with multiple-choice questions.
 Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to
take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):
Process and Analyze Data
Step 5 Using Thematic Analysis
(for Qualitative Research)
and Statistical Tools (for
Quantitative Research)
Make sense of the information you
gathered. For qualitative research, look for
themes or patterns. (like interviews or
open-ended questions)
 Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need to
take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Step 5 EXAMPLE

If you're asking people about having pets,

you might notice that many talk about how
their pets provide companionship or help
relieve stress. These become your themes.
 Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need
to take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Step 6
Formulate New Insights
Gained (for Qualitative
Research) Conclusions
(for Quantitative Research)
and Recommendations
Based on your analysis, draw conclusions
or insights from your study. For qualitative
research, these are new understandings;
for quantitative research, they are clear
outcomes.
 Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need
to take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Step 6 EXAMPLE

In qualitative research, you might conclude

that pet ownership positively impacts
mental health. In quantitative research, you
could state statistically significant findings
about the relationship between pet
ownership and mental well-being.
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need
to take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Step 7 Define New Problem

Identify new questions or areas

that need further exploration
based on your findings.
Now, here’s the simplified flow of the significant steps you need
to take in conducting a study as presented by Rao (2017):

Step 7 EXAMPLE

Example: If your study suggests that pet

ownership has positive effects on mental
health, you might wonder about the
specific aspects of pet ownership that
contribute to these benefits and decide
to explore that further.
How To Think Like
A Scientist
Lesson Quiz
 Short Answer
Read each situation carefully. On your paper, answer
each item in 2-3 sentences only.

Each question will be shown for 5 minutes.

Question 1

Scientific Method
Sari observed that silk woven by spiders is
highly stretchable and flexible. She then
concluded right away that spider silk is a
good substitute for commercial silk fabric.
She plans to share her conclusion with a
textile company.

What can Sari do before she presents her

conclusion to other people? Explain your
answer.
Question 2

Characteristics
of a Good Scientist
Flynn's experiment showed him that fish kills
are a result of high water temperature. He
made another hypothesis to investigate other
causes of fish kills aside from what he first
concluded. He also consulted other scientists
on the results of his experiments.

What characteristic of a good scientist is shown

by Flynn? Why is this characteristic important?
LET'S CHECK YOUR
ANSWERS!
 ANSWERS
1. Sari first needs to test her hypothesis and collect
data from her experiment before making a conclusion.
If the results of her experiment support her hypothesis,
then that's the time that she can present her
conclusion to other people.
2. Flynn shows he still questions the conclusions from
his experiment. He does not rely on one evidence only
and continues to seek answers.
Ethics in Research

Ethics
- Is a branch of knowledge that
deals with moral principles on
governing a person’s behavior in
the conduct of any activity.
Importance of Ethics in Research

Ethical Principles
Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible
conduct of research which educates and monitors
researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the
aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and
supports the values required for collaborative work, such
as mutual respect and fairness.
Ethical Principles
1. Informed Consent.

This is required to secure in order protect the

rights of the participants in your study.
Inform your participants about the criteria set
for choosing them as informants and the
schedule of one-on-one interview at the
convenient time they are available.
Participation to the study will be completely
voluntary.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
1. Honesty
The researcher should strive to
truthfully report data in whatever
form of communication all
throughout the study.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
2. Objectivity

The researcher should avoid being

biased. The study should not be
influenced by his/her personal
motives, beliefs and opinions.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
3. Integrity
The researcher should establish
credibility through the consistency of
his/her thought and action. He/she
should act with sincerity especially on
keeping agreements.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
4. Carefulness
The researcher should never neglect
even the smallest detail of the study. All
information should be critically
examined. Records of research activities
should be properly and securely kept.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
5. Openness
The researcher should be willing to
accept criticisms and new ideas for
the betterment of the study.
Research results and findings
should be shared to the public.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
6. Respect for intellectual property

The researcher should not plagiarize.

Credit should be given to who or
where it is due. All authors cited and
sources used in the study should be
properly acknowledged.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
7. Confidentiality
The researcher should take
steps to protect all confidential
communications or documents
from being discovered by others.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
8. Responsible publication
The researcher should ensure that
his/her work is clear, honest,
complete, accurate, and balanced,
thus avoiding wasteful and duplicate
publication.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
9. Responsible mentoring
The researcher should teach
responsible conduct of research
and share professional knowledge
and skills especially to new or less
experienced researchers.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
10. Respect for colleagues

The researcher should show

courtesy to his/her colleagues
by treating them equally and
fairly.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
11. Social responsibility
The researcher should promote
social good by working for the best
interests and benefits of the
environment and society as a
whole.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
12. Non-discrimination
The researcher should not
discriminate based on sex, race,
ethnicity, or any factor relating to
scientific competence and
integrity.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
13. Competence
The researcher should possess
necessary knowledge and skills in
conducting a study. He/she should be
equipped with a sense of
professionalism and expertise to ensure
competent results.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
14. Legality
The researcher should know and
abide by relevant laws, institutional
and government policies
concerning the legal conduct of
research.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
15.
Human Subject Protection
The researcher should protect human
lives by preventing and minimizing
harms and risks. He/she should always
uphold the human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy of human subjects to be used
in the study.
 Rights of Research Participants
1.
Human Rights.
They are moral principles or norms that
describe certain standards of human
behaviour and are regularly protected as
natural and legal rights. They constitute a set
of rights and duties necessary for the
protection of human dignity,
inherent to all human beings.
Rights of Research Participants
2. Intellectual Property.
It protects creations of the
mind, which have both a moral
and
a commercial value.
 Rights of Research Participants
3.
Copyright Infringement.
It is the use or production of copyright-
protected material without permission of the
copyright holder. Copyright infringement
means that the rights accorded to the
copyright holder, such as the exclusive use of
a work for a set period of time, are breached
by a third party
Rights of Research Participants
3.
Examples
a. Downloading movies and music without
proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without
permission
d. Copying software code without giving
proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
Rights of Research Participants
Voluntary Participation.
4.

People must not be coerced into participating

in research process. Essentially, this means
that prospective research participants must be
informed about the procedures and risks
involved in research and must give their
consent to participate.
 Rights of Research Participants
5. Anonymity
It is the protection of people’s identity
through not disclosing their name or not
exposing their identity. It is a situation in
data gathering activities in which
informant’s name is not given nor known.
 V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing
Research Misconduct includes fabrication,
falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include
honest error of differences of opinion. It can
erode trust between researchers and funding
agencies, which make it more difficult for
colleagues at the same institution to receive
grants.
 V. Ethical Standards in Research Writing
Plaigiarism
refers to the act of using another person’s
ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be
tolerated as the unauthorized use of
original works, a violation of intellectual
property rights.
Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and

borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed
language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and
paraphrases in your own words.