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Atomic Structure

This document provides a summary of the development of atomic structure and chemical bonding models over time. It discusses early Greek ideas of atoms, Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson's discovery of electrons and plum pudding model, Rutherford's gold foil experiment leading to the nuclear model of the atom, and basic principles of atomic structure including protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, ions, and electron configuration.

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Lucy Almonte
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30 views

Atomic Structure

This document provides a summary of the development of atomic structure and chemical bonding models over time. It discusses early Greek ideas of atoms, Dalton's atomic theory, Thomson's discovery of electrons and plum pudding model, Rutherford's gold foil experiment leading to the nuclear model of the atom, and basic principles of atomic structure including protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, ions, and electron configuration.

Uploaded by

Lucy Almonte
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Review of some Basic Principles

of Atomic Structure and Chemical


Bonding
Atomic Structure
Democritus 460 BC

► Greek Philosopher
► Suggested world was made of
two things – empty space and
“atomos”
 Atomos – Greek word for
uncuttable
►2 Main ideas
 Atoms are the smallest possible
particle of matter
 There are different types of
atoms for each material
2
John Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1804
1. All matter is made of atoms.
2. Atoms of one element are all
the same.
3. Atoms cannot be broken down
into smaller parts
4. Compounds form by
combining atoms
Dalton’s Early Atomic Model
► “Billiard Ball” model
► he envisioned atoms as solid, hard spheres,
like billiard(pool) balls, so he used
wooden balls to model them
J.J. Thomson

1897
Discovered the electron

He was the first scientist to show


the atom was made of even smaller
things
JJ Thomson
► Used the Cathode ray tube to discover
electrons
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

Vacuum tube

Metal Disks
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a


beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a


beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a


beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
- +

 Passing an electric current makes a


beam appear to move from the
negative to the positive end
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

►By adding an electric field


Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source

-
 By adding an electric field
Thomson’s Experiment
Voltage source
+

-
-
 Adding an electric field cause the beam to
move toward the positive plate.
 Thomson concluded the beam was made of
negative moving pieces.
Thomson’s “Plum Pudding” Atom Model
Democritus, Dalton, Thomson Video
Eugen Goldstein 1850-1930
Using a cathode ray tube he discovered canal
rays which are beams of positively charged
particles.
He is credited with the discovery of protons
in an atom.
Canal Rays discovery
Millikan’s Oil Drop Experiment
• Determined the charge on an electron
• Used Thomson’s charge to mass ratio to
calculate the mass of an electron

Millikan’s Oil Drop Millikan’s Oil Drop


Experiment Experiment – another
video
Ernest Rutherford - 1913

• discovered the
nucleus of a
gold atom with
his “gold foil”
experiment
Using J.J Thomson’s Plum Pudding
atomic model, Rutherford predicted the
alpha particles would pass straight
though the gold foil. That’s not what
happened.
Gold Foil Experiment Results
most alpha particles go straight through
the gold foil
A few alpha particles are sharply deflected
Rutherford’s Conclusion
►The atom is mostly
empty space.
►There is a small,
dense center with a
positive charge.
►Rutherford
discovered the
nucleus in atoms
Rutherford’s Contribution to the
Atomic Theory
►The atom is
mostly empty
space.
►The nucleus is
a small, dense
core with a
positive charge.
Gold Foil video
Rutherford’s Atomic Model
Structure of the Atom
► Atom – smallest particle of an element that can
exist alone
 Two regions of an atom
►Nucleus
 Center of atom
 Protons and neutrons
►Electron “cloud”
 Area surrounding nucleus
containing electrons
Structure of the Atom
► Proton
– Positive charge (+), 1 atomic
mass unit (amu); found in the nucleus
 amu -Approximate mass of a proton or a
neutron
► Neutron – Neutral charge (0), 1 amu;
found in the nucleus
► Electron – Negative charge (-), mass is
VERY small
Counting Atoms
► Atomic Number
 Number of protons in nucleus
 The number of protons determines identity
of the element!!

► Mass Number (Atomic Mass)


 Number of protons + neutrons
 Units are g/mol
Counting Atoms
► Isotopes
 Atoms of the same element with varying
number of neutrons
 Different isotopes have different mass numbers
because the number of neutrons is different
Counting Atoms
 Nuclear Symbol Notation
Atoms
► Protonshave a positive (+) charge and
electrons have a negative (-) charge

► In
a neutral atom, the number of protons
equals the number of electrons, so the
overall charge is zero (0)

 Example/ Helium, with an atomic number of 2,


has 2 protons and 2 electrons when stable
Ions
► In a neutral atom
 Atomic number = # of protons = #of electrons
► Sometimes atoms will gain or lose electrons
and form IONS
► Because an electron has a negative charge:
 When an atom GAINS electrons it becomes
NEGATIVE
 When an atom LOSES electrons it becomes
POSITIVE
Ions

Cation = a positive ion

Anion = a negative ion


For a neutral atom:
►Number of protons ( Z number) =
number of electrons
►Mass number ( A number) = number
of protons + number of neutrons
►Number of Neutron ( n) = A less Z
Note:
Superscript= mass number
Subscript = atomic number
Let’s Practice
► Aluminum (Al) (no periodic table)
 Protons = 13
 Electrons =
 Neutrons = 14
 Atomic Number =
 Atomic Mass =
Let’s Practice w/ nuclear symbol
notation
► NuclearSymbol notation
(no periodic table)
 Protons =
108
Ag
 Electrons =
 Neutrons =
47
 Atomic Number =
 Atomic Mass =
Let’s Practice w/ isotopes
► use the periodic table
 Protons =
Uranium-235
 Electrons =
 Neutrons =
 Atomic Number =
 Atomic Mass =
Supply the missing number:
Elem Z A p e n Element
Notation
ent
Na 11 12 22
Na
11

Ac 227 89

Ni 59 28

Al 13 27 14

Sr 38 50
Electron Configuration
► Description of how electrons are arrange
among its various orbitals
► Arrangement of electrons in the subshells of
atoms ( 4 subshells: spdf)
3 Principles
1. Aufbau principle
2. Pauli Exclusion Principle
3. Hund’s rule of Multiplicity
Write the electron configuration
of the following:
► 11 Na
► 20 Ca
►7 N
Valence electrons
► Responsible for its ability to combine with
other atoms.
Examples:
8 O

20 Ca
21 C
17 Cl
11 Na
LEDS – Lewis Electron Dot
Structure
► By Gilbert Lewis
► Convenient way of indicating the number of
electrons

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