NORTHERN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, INCORPORATED

THE INSTITUTION FOR BETTER LIFE

FUNDAMENTALS
IN
NURSING PRACTICE

John Joshua A. Clemente, RN

 COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course deals with concepts, principles, theories
and techniques basic to nursing as a profession, science
and art. It emphasizes on the concept of man as a holistic
being and the professional roles of the nurse in health
care setting. The learners are expected to utilize the
nursing process and the basic nursing skills as primary
tool in health promotion, disease prevention, restoration
and maintenance, and rehabilitation.
 NORTHERN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE

MISSION VISION CREDO

MISSION VISION CREDO

The mission of Northern Christian College Northern Christian College seeks a life of faith,
A just and free responsible community
is training of the spiritual, intellectual, learning, action that will develop the person into
made up of people who are intellectually
social, and physical qualities of the youth of becoming intellectually competent and honest, and
competent and honest, and morally and
the Philippines with special emphasis in the ethically sensitive, and creatively aware and
ethically sensitive to the needs and
development of Christian characters as responsible to the needs, aspirations and
aspirations of the society.
exemplified by the life and teachings of realizations of a just, free, and responsible Christian
Jesus Christ. order.
LESSON 1 : CONCEPT OF MAN, HEALTH AND
ILLNESS

MAN
• is an individual human belonging to a particular category (as by birth,
residence, membership, or occupation).

• notable development of the brain with a resultant capacity for articulate

speech and abstract reasoning (rational being)
 INDIVIDUALITY

• Each individual is a unique being

• When providing care to client, focus both on

total care and an individualized care context.
 MAN - FACINATING
ORGANISM
(UDAN, 2007)
A. Atomistic Approach
• Man as an organism composed of different
organ systems, each system composed of
organs, each organ made up of tissues and
each tissue is made up of cells,

B. Holistic Approach / Total Approach

• Provides fundamental framework on which

one can base their perception or
observations of the total behavior of man in
relation to society.
 MAN - FACINATING
ORGANISM
(UDAN, 2007)

C. Holistic View
• traces the patterns of man’s
relationship with other being in the
suprasystem of society.
 MAN AS BIOLIGICAL BEING
• MAN - is a living organism who from birth is destined to die.
• Subordinate System of Man - is important in carrying out daily life activities, which are vital to
survival.
• Superordinate System - provides man with the necessary framework of relationship which links him
to family, community and society.

MAN AS AN ORGANISM
• Man normally responds as a unified whole.
⚬ Mind and Body - operates as a whole and his body structures conform to the purpose for which
each part was made
2. Man as a whole is different from and more than the sum of his components parts.
⚬ Cellular Behavior- body grows as a whole
⚬ Organismic Behavior - observable features and actions that reflects man’s functioning as a
unified whole within the the environment in which he exists
A company that invests in its people is not only more respected by its employees, but also by outside
talent
MAN AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL BEING
Man - unique, irreplaceable individual.
 MAN AS SOCIAL BEING
• MAN is like some other MEN
• Different from other group:
a. Culture
b. Age groups
c. Social status
d. Educational status
Man is a social being who is capable of relating with other. From birth endowed with the capacity to know
how to like, to love and to respond and appreciate the uniqueness of other. (Travelbee, J.)

MAN AS A SPIRITUAL BEING

• All men are spiritual in nature because all men have intellect and will; all men are endowed with virtues,
faith, hope and
A company thatcharity.
invests in its people is not only more respected by its employees, but also by outside
talent
• Man believes in the existence of a Supreme Power.
 MAN AS SYSTEM

• Man is an OPEN SYSTEM - he is composed of subsystem that act as a unified

whole.

• Subsystem works interdependently

• As an open system - allows input and output to and from its boundaries; one that
allows exchange of matter, energy and information.
 INDIVIDUAL HEALTH
THE DIMENSIONS OF INDIVIDUALITY

PERSON’S TOTAL CHARACTER

This dimension refers to the overall makeup of an individual,
including their personality, values, beliefs, behaviors, and
qualities. It encompasses the combination of traits and
characteristics that define who a person is as a whole.
SELF-PERCEPTIONS
This dimension involves how an individual sees themselves,
including their thoughts, feelings, and evaluations about their
own abilities, appearance, and worth. Self-perceptions play a
crucial role in shaping behavior, influencing decision-
SELF-IDENTITY making, and impacting overall well-being.
Self-identity is the recognition and understanding of one's
unique place and role in the world. It involves a person's
awareness of their individuality, which can be shaped by
factors such as personal experiences, culture, values, and
relationships. It's the answer to the question, "Who am I?"
ATTRIBUTES OF HUMAN BEING

THE CAPACITY TO THINK OR CONCEPTUALIZE

ON THE ABSTRACT LEVEL

FAMILY FORMATION

THE TENDENCY TO SEEK AND MAINTAIN

TERRITORY

THE ABILITY TO USE VERBAL SYMBOLS AS LANGUAGE, A

MEANS OF DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING CULTURE
 HUMAN NEEDS
• Need - something that is desirable, useful or
necessary

• According to Maslow, something is a basic need

if;
⚬ Its absence results to illness
⚬ Its presence signals health or prevents
illness
⚬ Meeting and unmet needs restores health
 FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS OF MAN
VIRGINIA HENDERSON (14 BASIC HUMAN NEEDS)

Breath Normally. Keeping the body clean and well- groomed

Eat and Drink Adequately Avoid Danger and injuring others

Communicate with others, express emotions, needs and fears

Eliminate Body Waste

Maintain Desirable Position Worship according to one’s faith

Sleep and Rest Work to have a sense of accomplishments

Suitable Clothing Play or participate in various forms of recreation

Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal

Maintaining Internal Environment (Body Temperature
development and health and use the available health facilities.
MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC HUMAN
NEEDS ARE UNIVERSAL

NEEDS MAY BE MET IN DIFFERENT WAYS

NEEDS MAY BE STIMULATED BY INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL FACTORS
PRIORITIES MAY BE ALTERED

NEEDS MAY BE DEFERRED

NEEDS ARE
INTERRELATED
 MASLOW'S CHARACTERISTICS OF A SELF-
ACTUALIZED PERSON
• IS REALISTIC
• Sees life clearly and objective about owns observation

2. OPEN TO NEW IDEAS

• Is self-confident and has self-respect

3. CAN MAKE DECISIONS CONTRARY TO POPULAR OPINION

• Is problem-centered rather than self-centered
HENDERSON’S 14 COMPONENTS
AS APPLIED TO MASLOW’S
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
 HEALTH
• According to (WHO) - Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

• According to (Claude Bernard) - Health is the ability

to maintain the internal milieu. Illness is the result of
the failure to maintain the internal environment.

• According to (Walter Canon) - Health is the ability

to maintain homeostasis or dynamic equilibrium.
 HEALTH
• According to (Archer and Fleshman)- Health is the
optimum level of functioning (OLOF)

• According to (Presidential Commission on Health) -

Health is not a state nor even a condition, rather it is
a process which will allow the individual to adopt to
change in internal and external environment to
maintain a state of well-being

• According to (Laymen) - Health is Symptom related,

Function related, Feeling related.
 DISEASE
• A condition that prevents the body and mind from
working normally
Components and Aspects of Disease
ETIOLOGY TREATMENT

PATHOGENESIS PREVENTION

SYMPTOMS

SIGNS

DIAGNOSIS

PROGNOSIS
 FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH, HEALTH
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
• Internal Factors

Biologic Dimensions Psychological Cognitive Dimensions

Dimensions
• GENETIC FACTORS • MENTAL HEALTH • HEALTH KNOWLEDGE

• AGE • PERSONALITY • HEALTH BELIEFS

• SEX • COPING MECHANISMS • PERCEPTION OF ILLNESS

 FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH, HEALTH
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
2. External Factors

Working and Living Cultural and Physical

Lifestyle Networks
Condition Environment
• Diet and Nutrition • Social Support • Water & Ventilation • Cultural
• Environmental Conditions Assimilation/Accom
• Physical Activity • Social Influence • Socioeconomic Factors modation
⚬ Income & Employment • Environmental
⚬ Education Modification
• Health Care Delivery System • Repattern
⚬ Access to Healthcare
 WELLNESS
• According to (Albert Dunn & Kozier,
2016)
• It is a subjective state of well being
reflective of one’s capacity to engage in
attitudes and behaviors that enhance
quality of life, promote and maximize
personal potential; wellness is a condition
which all parts of the body are in harmony
with the whole system.
 MODELS OF WELLNESS
1. WHO Model - health is the state of physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of a disease
2. Smith Models of Health
• Clinical Model - presence or absence of signs
and symptoms of disease
• Role Performance Model - in terms of the
individual’s ability societal roles
• Adaptation Model - health a creative process
• Eudaemonistic Model - health is a condition
of actualization of person’s potential.
 MODELS OF WELLNESS
3. Ecological Model by Leavell and Clark -
believes that health and illness are affected by
3 interactive factors’
• Agent
• Host
• Environment
 MODELS OF WELLNESS
4. Health Belief Model by Rosenstock and
Becker - determine the compliance of clients
to health teaching and treatment modalities.

BASIC COMPONENTS OF HEALTH

BELIEF MODEL
1. Individuals Perception
• Perceived susceptibility
• Perceived seriousness
• Perceived threat
BASIC COMPONENTS OF HEALTH
BELIEF MODEL
2. Modifying Factors
• Demographic Variables
• Sociopsychological Variables
• Structure Variables
• Cues to action
⚬ Internal
⚬ External

3. Likelihood of Action
• Perceived benefits of prevention action
• Perceived barriers to action economic
 HEALTH AND ILLNESS
CONTINUUM
• Interaction of the environment with wellness and illness
 ILLNESS
• State in which someones needs are not
sufficient met which allow the individual
to have a sense of physical and psycho-
social malfunctioning
 DISEASE
• An alteration of body function resulting of
capacities or a shortening of the normal
lifespan
 STAGES OF ILLNESS
1. Symptom experience -transition phase 3
aspects:
• Physical
• Cognitive
• Emotional

2. Assumption of the sick role - Acceptance of

Illness

3. Medical care contact - seeks advice of health

profiles
• Validation of real illness
• Explanation of symptoms
• Reassurance or prediction of outcomes
 STAGES OF ILLNESS
4. Dependent Patient Roles
• Dependent on the health professional for
help
• Accepts/rejects health professional
• More passive and accepting
• May regress to an earlier behavioral stage

5. Recovery/rehabilitation
• Returns to former roles and functions
• In chronic illness - adjustment to prolonged
reduction in health and functioning.
BEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATION OF
SICK PERSON

• Depression

• Anger Hostility

• Fear and Anxiety

• Shame

• Boredom and Home Sickness

 ASSIGNMENT: ACTIVITY 1
Elaborate the following dimensions of health. Cite Examples
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
PHYSICAL SPIRITUAL

EMOTIONAL SEXUAL

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

INTELLECTUAL
 NORTHERN CHRISTIAN COLLEGE, INCORPORATED
THE INSTITUTION FOR BETTER LIFE

THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
JOHN JOSHUA A. CLEMENTE, RN