DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

The Introduction
WHAT IS AN IMAGE?

 An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function f(x, y),

 where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and
 the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the
intensity or gray level of the image at that point.

 An image is a pictorial representation of objects under

perception
 Image
 A 2D function, f(x, y)
 x and y are spatial coordinates
 Amplitude of f is called the intensity or gray level
WHAT IS DIGITAL IMAGE?
Definition 1:

If (x, y) and the amplitude values of f are finite and discrete
quantities, we call the image a digital image. A digital image is
composed of a finite number of elements called pixels,
each of which has a particular location and value.

Definition 2:

 A digital image is a representation of a two-dimensional im-

age as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or
pixels.
 Digital image
 x, y, f(x, y) are all finite and discrete
 is composed of a finite number of elements
 These elements are referred to as
 picture elements
 image elements
 Pels

 pixels - most widely used

Common image formats include:

1 sample per point (B&W or Grayscale)

 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and Blue)
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

 Processing of digital images on a digital computer

 Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks

 Improvement of pictorial information for human

interpretation

 Processing of image data for storage, transmission and

representation for autonomous machine perception
CONTD. DIP
 The continuum from image processing to computer vision can
be broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes.
 LIGHT AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM

Sir Isaac Newton discovered that when a beam of sunlight is

passed through a glass prism,

The emerging beam of light is not white but consists of a

continuous spectrum of colors ranging from violet at one end
to red at the other.
Light is a particular type of electromagnetic radiation that can
be seen and sensed by the human eye.

The visible band of the electromagnetic spectrum spans the

range from approximately 0.43 m (violet) to about 0.79 m (red).

The colors that humans perceive in an object are determined by

the nature of the light reflected from the object.
The electromagnetic spectrum can be expressed in terms
of wavelength, frequency, or energy.

Wavelength (λ) and frequency (γ) are related by the

expression
λ=c / γ
where c is the speed of light (2.998*108ms)

The energy of the electromagnetic spectrum is given by

the expression E=h.γ
where h is Planck’s constant
IMAGES FROM DIFFERENT EM RADIATION

 Radio waves - Radar imaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(MRI)
 Microwave - Microwave imaging
 Infrared Rays- Infrared imaging, Thermal Imaging
 Visible Spectrum- Photographs
 UV Rays- Ultraviolet imaging telescopes
 X‐rays - X‐rays and Computed tomography (CT Scan)
 Gamma rays - Positron emission tomography (PET Scan)
 Ultrasound (not EM waves)
 GAMMA RAY IMAGING
•Nuclear Medicine
•Astronomical Observations
X-RAY IMAGING

Examples of X-ray imaging.

(a) Chest X-ray.
(b) Aortic angiogram.
(c) Head CT.
(d) Circuit boards.
(e) Cygnus Loop.
 IMAGING IN THE ULTRAVIOLET BAND
Applications:
 Lithography
 Industrial Inspection
 Microscopy
 Lasers
 Biological imaging
 Astronomical observations.

(a) shows a fluorescence microscope image of normal corn,

(b) shows corn infected by “smut,” a disease of cereals, corn…
(c) Shows the Cygnus Loop imaged in the high-energy region of the
ultraviolet band.
IMAGING IN THE VISIBLE BANDS

•Artistic effects are used to

make images more visu-
ally appealing, to add
special effects and to
make composite images
EXAMPLES: LAW ENFORCE-
MENT
•Image processing techniques
are used extensively by law en-
forcers

• Number plate recognition for

speed cameras/automated
toll systems
• Fingerprint recognition
• Enhancement of CCTV im-
ages
INFRARED BAND IMAGING
EXAMPLES: GIS
•Geographic Information Systems
• Digital image processing techniques are used extensively to ma-
nipulate satellite imagery
• Terrain classification
• Meteorology
EXAMPLES: GIS (CONT…)
•Night-Time Lights of the
World data set

• Global inventory of human

settlement

• Not hard to imagine the

kind of analysis that might
be done using this data
RADIO BAND IMAGING- MEDICAL
FIELD
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PRO-
CESSING
Image Restor- Morphological
ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
IMAGE AQUISITION
Image Restor- Morphological
ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
 KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Restor- Morphological

ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
 KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
IMAGE RESTORATION
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Restor- Morphological

ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
 KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSING
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Restor- Morphological

ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
 KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
SEGMENTATION
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Restor- Morphological

ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
 KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
OBJECT RECOGNITION
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Restor- Morphological

ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
 KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
REPRESENTATION & DESCRIPTION
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing (2002)

Image Restor- Morphological

ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
IMAGE COMPRESSION
Image Restor- Morphological
ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
KEY STAGES IN DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING:
COLOUR IMAGE PROCESSING
Image Restor- Morphological
ation Processing

Image En-
Segmentation
hancement

Image Acquisi- Object Recog-

tion nition

Representation
Problem Domain
& Description
Colour Image Image Com-
Processing pression
COMPONENTS OF DIP