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Toulmin Method Powerpoint

The document discusses the Toulmin method of argumentation, which was developed by philosopher Stephen Toulmin. The key elements of the Toulmin model are the claim, data, and warrant. The claim is the argument or assertion being made, the data provides evidence to support the claim, and the warrant is the inference that connects the data to the claim. The Toulmin model aims to accurately describe real-world arguments that may have qualifications rather than being logically airtight.

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161 views

Toulmin Method Powerpoint

The document discusses the Toulmin method of argumentation, which was developed by philosopher Stephen Toulmin. The key elements of the Toulmin model are the claim, data, and warrant. The claim is the argument or assertion being made, the data provides evidence to support the claim, and the warrant is the inference that connects the data to the claim. The Toulmin model aims to accurately describe real-world arguments that may have qualifications rather than being logically airtight.

Uploaded by

ali bzeih
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is the Toulmin method

of argumentation?

Claim – Data - Warrant


Types of arguments

 The Toulmin Model


 Claim, Data, Warrant (‘because’)
Who is Stephen Toulmin?
He was a British philosopher who wrote a book called The
Uses of Argument (1958). Toulmin was looking for a
method that accurately described the way people make
convincing and reasonable argument. Because Toulmin
argument takes into account the complications in life— all
those situations when people have to qualify their thoughts
with words such as sometimes, often, presumably,
unless, and almost— his method isn’t as airtight as formal
logic. But for exactly that reason, Toulmin logic has
become a powerful and, for the most part, practical tool for
understanding and shaping argument.
Making Claims
 In the Toulmin model, arguments begin with
claims, which are debatable and controversial
statements or assertions you hope to prove.
 Notice in this model the arguments depend on
conditions set by others— your audience or readers.
 It’s raining might be an innocent statement of fact
in one situation; in another, it might provoke a
debate: No, it’s not. That’s sleet.
 And so argument begins, involving a question of
definition.
The Toulmin Model
 Claim: the proposition that the arguer is supporting.
It must be an opinion and cannot be a fact.
 Data: the specific evidence or reason used to
support the claim (often introduced with the word
“ because” or “ since” ; sometimes this is the claim
of another argument)
 Warrant: the inference that allows you to move
from the grounds to the claim (often only implied in
the argument)
Other Elements
 Backing – Support for the warrant, backing
the reason given
 Grounds – Facts, statistics, expert
testimony, observations
 Qualifier – Degree of certainty
Toulmin Model Diagram
 Data---------------Claim

 Warrant
A sentence symbolizing the
Toulmin model
 Because ______________________,
therefore__________________,
since__________________________.

 In analyzing an argument, you would fill in the


first blank with the data or support. The second
with the assertion or claim, and the third with the
warrant, the unspoken assumption.
Imagine someone looking over
your shoulder
 As you use Toulmin, imagine a crowd of
“ prospective readers” hovering over your
shoulder, asking questions.
 At every stage in Toulmin argument— making a
claim, offering a reason, or studying a warrant—
you might converse with those nosy readers,
imagining them as skeptical , demanding, even a
bit testy.
Rebuttal
 They may get on your nerves, but they’ll likely
help you foresee the objections and reservations
real readers will have regarding your arguments.
 In the Toulmin system, potential objections to a
claim are called conditions of rebuttal.
 Understanding and reacting to these conditions are
essential to back up your claim where it is weak,
but also to understand the reasonable objections of
people who see the world differently.
Example
 Data: Because independent research has shown that
70% of students who take one A.P. class are more
likely to graduate college than students who take no
A.P. class.
 Claim – Therefore all students who are academically
prepared should have access to A.P. classes in high
school.
 Warrant- Since high school should prepare students
for college success, students should have access to
A.P. classes.
The Data-Claim-Warrant Model
 Data: the specific evidence or reason used to
support the claim: ‘ 70% of students who take one A.P.
class are more likely to graduate college’
 Claim: The argument, contention, premise, central
idea, proposition: all students who are academically
prepared should have access to A.P. classes in high school.
 Warrant: the inference that the author assumes
his audience thinks and believes about the claim.
How do these assumptions play in the construction
of his argument? ‘ high school should prepare students
for college success, students should have access to A.P.
classes.’
The Toulmin Model of Argument
Elements of the Toulmin
Model
Claim – opinion/main argument
Qualifier – qualifies / specifies / adds to the opinion
Data – supports the opinion
Grounds/Support/Evidence/Appeal – facts and statistics
that comprise the data
Warrant – justifies the opinion
Backing – supports the warrant
Rebuttal – opposes the opinion /
main counterargument
Identify Toulmin’s elements
Identify Toulmin’s elements

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