DEVOLUTION TRANSITION

PLAN FOR LGUs

 SLOPE
PROTECTION

PATRICK B. CERILO, MSCE & MES

Plasticity-ability to
under go deformation
without cracking
Outline
Introduction
Factors Affecting Design
Survey on the Stability of Cut and Fill Slopes
Slope Failures
Slope Protection Works
Basic Stability Design Considerations
Introduction to Slope Protection Design
Introduction to Slope Protection Design
Traffic is very frequently disturbed by damage resulting from
earthquakes and heavy rains. In particular, traffic disturbances are
largely caused by the failure of slopes. The stability of a slope is
maintained mainly by a balance between the integrity of the ground
subject to sliding probability and the sliding force by slope gravity.
Introduction to Slope Protection Design
However, the stability of a slope is greatly disturbed by following:
(1) decreases in the strength of the ground due to groundwater
seepage or heavy rainfall,
(2) changes in the balance of gravity due to artificial cuts and fills,
(3) increase of the pore pressure due to heavy rainfall or movement of
groundwater, or
(4) increases in the gravity acceleration during earthquakes.
Introduction to Slope Protection Design
Appropriate slope protection works are required in order to prevent
slope failures. Sodding is the generally preferred method in view of its
construction cost and aesthetic appearance combined with slope
flattening. However, slope protection works using structures are
sometimes employed as an alternative where sodding or slope
flattening is difficult to perform because of meteorological,
topographical, agronomical, gradient, construction limitations or spring
water conditions.
Introduction to Slope Protection Design
In principle, areas where landslides are likely to occur should be
avoided at the route selection stage, but appropriate countermeasure
works will become necessary if road construction in such areas is
unavoidable. The existence of water is one of the greatest causes of
slope failures and landslides and so full precautions should be taken for
the action of water. Permanent drainage facilities as well as the
temporary drainage facilities during construction should be very
carefully planned.
Introduction to Slope Protection Design
Slope protection measures deteriorate after many years and their
functions are also gradually degraded. In addition, external forces not
taken into account at the time of construction may begin to act and
result in deformation of the slope. Also, changes in the terrain due to
nearby land development may sometimes increase the likelihood of
instability of slopes. The detection of changes that may cause failures
and the appropriate countermeasures are of great importance in the
daily maintenance of slopes.
Factors Affecting Design
Height
Slopes
Foundation
Loading
Selection of Embankment Materials
Groundwater
Factors Affecting Design: Height
Due to gravitational forces, high embankments generally pose serious
threat. For high embankments, it is sometimes necessary to provide
lateral support such as retaining structures or other structural
measures. Standard slope gradients may only be applicable up to a
certain height, beyond which expert opinion/provision must be
conducted to ensure safety.

Safety is improved if embankment heights are kept as low as possible,

as well as the provision of berms, or other stepped measures, to reduce
the effective height of the slope.
Factors Affecting Design: Slopes
The gradient of the slope plays an important role that can produce
tremendous risk if left unchecked. The gradient of side slopes, provision
for drainage, seismic consideration, and erosion must be seriously
addressed to prevent problems for embankments.
Factors Affecting Design: Foundation
The highway embankment may be sufficient in terms of slope
specifications, but it will not be stable if the foundation it is placed on is
soft ground or problematic soils. It can result in problems such as soil
liquefaction, settlement (both differential and total), and deep-seated
slope failure. The bearing capacity of the foundation must be
considered for suitability in undertaking highway designs.
Factors Affecting Design: Loading
The loading at the top and base of a slope can have both positive and
negative effects on the stability of a slope. A load at the base of the
slope can improve toe stability while a load at the top of a slope can
increase the mobilization potential of the slope. Construction loading
from earthmoving equipment as well as loading from traffic or
structures must be taken into account in the design of slopes.
Factors Affecting Design: Groundwater
The groundwater table and saturated soil is of particular importance in
design. Landslide or slip risk can be affected by an increase in the soak-
away drainage or the construction of retaining walls which inhibit
groundwater flow, or during heavy rain or human activities that upset the
natural balance.

These conditions can lead to a reduction in beneficial soil suction,

increased static water pressures below the water table, increased
hydraulic pressures, loss of strength (softening) of clay, loss of cementing
in some soils/rock and transportation of soil particles, all of which
contribute to slope failure.
Factors Affecting Design: Groundwater
Suitable drainage measures at the top and base of slopes, behind and
in front of retaining structures and sub soil drainage for roads and
embankments need to be considered to reduce the effect of the
groundwater table (or changes within it) and their effect on
constructed works. These can include surface water drains, surface
protection, sub-soil drains, deep drainage or other methods.

Vegetation and trees draw large quantities of water out of the ground
on a daily basis which lowers the water table and increases suctions,
both of which reduce the likelihood of a slip or landslide occurring.
Survey on the Stability of Cut Slopes and Fill Slopes
The gradient of a fill slope
is normally determined by
the material type. Table 7-
1 provides an indicative
guide to applicable slope
gradients considering the
materials and height of fill.
These values should be
verified by a practicing
Geotechnical Engineer
prior to construction. All
material in a fill slope
must be compacted to a
minimum of 98%
maximum dry density in
layers of maximum
300mm thickness (loose
lift).
Slope Failures
Most common slope failures:
1. Gravitational – related to water induced failure

2. Slope saturation by water - due to seepage of water, erosion of the surface

of slope due to flowing water, sudden lowering of water adjacent to the
slope

3. Seismic – earthquake

4. Volcanic
Slope Failures: Type
Translational Failure

Translational failure occurs in an infinite slope along a long failure surface parallel to the
slope. The shape of the failure surface is influenced by the presence of any hard stratum at
a shallow depth below the slope surface. These failures may also occur along slopes of
layered materials.
Slope Failures: Type
Rotational Failure - This type failure occurs by rotation along a slip surface by downward
and outward movement of the soil mass. A scoop like formation appears.
Slope Failures: Type
Three kinds of Rotational Failure:
 Slope circle failure: In this case
the failure circle intercepts the
surface of the slope itself above the
toe.
 Toe circle failure: In this case the
failure circle passes through the toe
of the slope. This occurs in steep
slopes of homogenous soils.
 Base circle failure: In this case
the failure circle passes below the toe
from top of the slope of height. Such
cases occur when slopes are flat with
weak soil and a steep stratum occurs
below the toe.
Slope Failures: Type
Creep is the slow downward progression of rock and soil down a low grade
slope; it can also refer to slow deformation of such materials as a result of
prolonged pressure and stress

Rock Fall is a form of mass movement or mass wasting in which pieces of

rock travel downward through some combination of falling, bouncing, and
rolling after they are initially separated from the slope.
RAIN-INDUCED MASS MOVEMENT
HAZARDS
Types of Landslide Movement

Slump

These schematics illustrate the major types of landslide movement. USGS (2004)
SLOPE PROTECTION WORKS
Stabilization/Mitigation

Slope Failure Mitigation

Non - Structural Structural

 Countermeasures

NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION STRUCTURAL MITIGATION

(SOFTWARES) (HARDWARES)

- Early warning system and - Gravity Walls

evacuation - Rock Fall Protection System
- Hazard maps - Shotcrete (concrete spray)
- Vegetation cover - Other measures such as
Erosion Control Blankets &
Erosion Control Blocks

20
NON-STRUCTURAL MITIGATION
• EARLY WARNING SYSTEM LANDSLIDE PREDICTION
 Use of rain gauges
- Deep seated  Intensity-Duration Relationship
- Shallow landslide  Machine Learning or Artificial Intelligence
 Other models

• HAZARD MAPS DISASTER AWARENESS

 Policy implementation such as
Land Use Zoning, etc…
 Disaster Preparedness
• VEGETATION COVER  Planting of trees
 Avoid burning of forest
 Soil bio-engineering solutions,
 Etc…
1. Early Warning System
- Establishment of warning and evacuation system

FLOW CHART 2
5
 Combined with
criteria for the
Support warning detection of
and evacuation debris flow
generation
activities of local
authorities or
residents

2
6
LANDSLIDE PREDICTION FOR EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
SHALLOW LANDSLIDES SAMPLE DERIVATION
THRESHOLD FOR DEBRIS FALL For the month of April and May (1 day period):

For the month of June to November (1 day

a. Whole Year b. April-May c. June-November
10 8
period):
1.4
9 7 1.3
8 f(x)1.2= 1.436590452 x^-0.34895273
Intensity, mm/hr

6
R² = 0.993790351047695

Intensity, mm/hr
7
5 = 2.70224496 x^0.4306913 1.1
6 f(x) Where:
Intensity

R²4 = 0.854074239816447 1
5
0.9
4 3
0.8
I = rainfall intensity
3
2
2 0.7
D = duration of rainfall starting from the
1 1 0.6
0 0 0.5
start of rain until the time of landslide
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Duration Duration, hrs Duration, hrs

Intensity-Duration Relationship Note: This relationship is for Kennon Road

only. Cannot be used in other areas
 LANDSLIDE PREDICTION FOR EARLY WARNING
SYSTEM Intensity-Duration Comparison

For a landslide 45
Caine (1980)
to occur, it 40
requires higher Chen et. Al. (2015)
intensity for 35
shorter duration April - May (Proposed)
30
and requires
Intensity, mm/hr

June-Dec. (Proposed)
lower intensity 25
for longer 20 ECR after 1 day (proposed)
duration
15

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Duration, hrs
 LANDSLIDE AWARENESS
FALLING DEBRIS OCCURENCE DURING FAIR WEATHER
45
Date
40
2/14/2015
35 4/9/2015
LANDSLIDES Accumulated Rainfall,mm
30 4/18/2015
MAY OCCUR 1/7/2017
DAYS AFTER 25 2/10/2017
Debris/Rock 3/8/2017
RAINFALL 20 Fall 3/25/2017
15 10/29/2017
2/17/2018
10 3/12/2018
2017-10-29
5
0
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Days Before Debris Fall
2. HAZARD MAP FOR DISASTER
AWARENESS PARTIAL RESEARCH
RESULT BY DUANE
BAGAYAO – LKDEO
NAGOYA UNIVERSITY

Model: Information
Value Method
VS
 Non – Structural Mitigation

Benching & Slope Modification

Bio-Engineering Methods

Adequate Surface Drainage System

Erosion Control Measures

 Non – Structural Mitigation
 Benching
 Non – Structural Mitigation
 Sodding
 Non – Structural Mitigation
 Bio-engineering Solutions
 Structural Mitigation

Retaining Walls

Ground Anchors

Reinforced Earth System (Mechanically Stabilized Earth)

Gabions and Mattresses

Shotcrete / Anchoring

Rock fall Netting

Retaining Walls
Ground Anchors
Reinforced Earth System
(Mechanically Stabilized Earth)
 PERMEABLE
MEMBRANE

Gabions and Mattresses

Shotcrete / Anchoring
Rock Fall Net
Basic Stability
Design
Considerations
Basic Stability
Design
Considerations
 Factors that affect slope stability, but not
limited to the following:
• Weight of the Soil -- density x volume
(symbol W).
• Slope angle -- steepness
What determines • Cohesion of the slope material
(symbol c). Cohesion is the inherent
slope stability? ability of the material to hold itself
together.
• Angle of Internal Friction (symbol φ).
Measures the amount of friction that
keeps a block from moving when a
shear force is applied.
 The following methods are used for the
analysis of stability of slopes:

• -Fellenius method
METHODS OF • -Swedish slip circle method
• -Bishop’s method
ANALYSIS FOR • -Janbu’s method
STABILITY OF • -Friction circle method
SLOPE -Taylor’s stability number
method
• -Culmann’s method
• -Spencer’s method
• -Morgenstern and price
method
• -Bell’s method
 Methods of Analysis

4
3
2
1 Stabilizing Forces

Overturning Forces
 Safety Factor
 a design margin over the theoretical design capacity
 it allows for uncertainty in the design process
 is calculated by dividing the forces resisting movement by the
forces driving movement

 SF < 1.00 unstable slope I. Check for stability (Calculation of FS) –

Overturning Moment (OM), Sliding (S)
and Bearing Capacity (BC)
 SF= 1.00 critically stable slope
Check: SFo > 3.0
 SF> 1.00 stable slope
SFs > 1.5
SFb > 3.0