Magnetism

Magnetism
Magnets and Magnetic

Fields
I. Magnets
A. Magnets have two poles (ends)
1. North pole
2. South pole
 A magnet will attempt to line itself up with
the magnetic field of the Earth
I. Magnets
B. Technological applications of magnetism
1. Large electromagnets used to pick up heavy loads
2. Magnets used in meters, motors, loudspeakers
3. Magnetic tapes used in audio and video recording,
and computer disks
4. Regulation of controlled nuclear fusion research
5. Maglev trains
I. Magnets
C. Magnetic forces exist between magnets
1. Like poles repel (south-south, or north-
north)
2. Opposite poles attract (south-north)
I. Magnets
D. Magnetic poles always occur in pairs
1. Magnetic poles can never be isolated
2. If you break a magnet, each piece will
have a north and a south pole
I. Magnets
E. Permanent magnets
1. Unmagnetized iron can be magnetized by
placing it near a strong permanent
magnet or stroking it with a magnet
2. Process is reversible with heat

or hammering
I. Magnets
I. Magnets
I. Magnets
3. Magnetic material is classified by how it
retains its magnetism
a. Soft – easy magnetized, but easily lose
the magnetism
b. Hard – not easily magnetized, but once
magnetized retain magnetism
II. Magnetic fields
II. Magnetic fields
 A region in which a magnetic force can be
detected
A. Direction of a magnetic field is the direction
in which the north pole of a compass needle
points at that location
 Magnitude of the field is higher closer to
the pole
II. Magnetic fields
Electric and magnetic interactions
►Electric and magnetic interactions are
two of the four fundamental forces of
nature. The electric interaction arises
from the electric charge of particles,
while the magnetic interaction arises
from the intrinsic magnetic moment of
particles.
Electric interaction:
The electric interaction is the force between
charged particles.
It arises due to the presence of an electric
field created by charged particles.
Electric charges can be positive or negative,
and like charges repel each other while
opposite charges attract each other.
Electric interaction:
This force decreases with distance and follows
an inverse-square law.
Electric interaction is responsible for many
phenomena, including the behavior of electrons
in circuits, the attraction and repulsion of
atoms, and the behavior of charged particles in
electric and magnetic fields.
Magnetic interaction:
The magnetic interaction is the force between
magnetic dipoles or moving charged particles.
It arises due to the presence of a magnetic field
created by magnetic dipoles or moving charged
particles.
Magnetic dipoles can be induced in materials by
applying an external magnetic field, and they can also
be found in certain atomic and subatomic particles.
Magnetic interaction:
The force between magnetic dipoles is attractive or
repulsive, depending on the orientation of the dipoles.
The force between moving charged particles is
perpendicular to their velocity and the direction of the
magnetic field.
Magnetic interaction is responsible for many
phenomena, including the behavior of magnets, the
behavior of charged particles in magnetic fields, and
the magnetic properties of materials.
► In classical electromagnetism, the force on
a charged particle moving in a magnetic
field is described by the Lorentz force law.
The formula for the force experienced by a
charged particle in a magnetic field is given
by:
F=q(v×B)
F=q(v×B)
Where:
F is the force experienced by the particle (in
Newtons).
q is the charge of the particle (in Coulombs).
v is the velocity vector of the particle (in
meters per second).
B is the magnetic field vector (in Tesla).
The direction of the force is perpendicular
both to the velocity vector v and the magnetic
field vector B, and is given by the right-hand
rule: if you point the thumb of your right hand
in the direction of v and your index finger in
the direction of B, then your middle finger will
point in the direction of the force F.
► For a wire carrying current, the force per unit length (F) is
given by:
►F=I⋅L⋅B⋅sin(θ)
► Where:
►F is the force per unit length (in Newtons per meter).
► I is the current flowing through the wire (in Amperes).
► L is the length of the wire segment (in meters).
► B is the magnetic field strength (in Tesla).
► θ is the angle between the direction of the current and
the magnetic field.
Problem Solving:
A wire of length 0.5 meters carrying a current of
2.0 Amperes is placed perpendicular to a
magnetic field of strength 0.4 Tesla. Calculate
the magnitude of the magnetic force exerted on
the wire.
Given:
• Length of wire (L) = 0.5 meters
• Current (I) = 2.0 Amperes
• Magnetic field strength (B) = 0.4 Tesla
PROBLEM SOLVING:
► The formula to calculate the magnetic force
on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic
field is given by:
► F=BIL
► Substituting the given values:
► F=(0.4T)(2.0A)(0.5m)
► F=(0.4T)(1.0N/m)(0.5m)
► F=0.4N
A straight wire segment of length 0.2 meters
carries a current of 5.0 Amperes. It is placed
perpendicular to a magnetic field of strength 0.8
Tesla. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic
force exerted on the wire segment.
Given:
• Length of wire (l) = 0.2 meters
F=BIL
Substituting the given values:
F=(0.8T)(5.0A)(0.2m)
F=(0.8T)(1.0N/m)(0.2m)
F=0.16N
PROBLEM SOLVING:
►A circular loop of wire with a radius of 0.15
meters carries a current of 4.0 Amperes. It
is placed in a magnetic field of strength 0.6
Tesla. Calculate the magnitude of the
magnetic force exerted on the loop if the
magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane
of the loop.
Given:
• Radius of the loop (r) = 0.15 meters
The formula to calculate the magnetic force
on a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field
is given by: F=BIA
Where:
A is the area of the loop
The area of the circular loop is given by A=πr2.
Substituting the given values:
A=π(0.15m)2
A=π×0.0225m2
A≈0.0707m2
Now, we can calculate the magnetic force:
F=(0.6T)(4.0A)(0.0707m2)
F=(0.6T)(4.0N/m2)(0.0707m2)
F=0.169N
What is the direction of magnetic
field lines?
a) They always point away from a magnet
b) They always point towards a magnet
c) They form closed loops, always pointing
from the north pole to the south pole of a
magnet
d) They form open loops, pointing in random
directions
What type of materials are
ferromagnetic?
a) Materials that do not produce a magnetic field
b) Materials that are magnetized by an external
magnetic field
c) Materials that retain their magnetic field
without the need for an external magnetic field
d) Materials that only produce a magnetic field
when heated to a high temperature
What happens when two magnets
with the same pole facing each other
are brought together?
a) They attract each other
b) They repel each other
c) The magnetic field between them cancels
out
d) Nothing happens
Which of the following is not an
application of magnets?
a) Electric motors
b) Generators
c) Credit card strips
d) Diesel engines
What is the unit of measurement
for magnetic field strength?
a) Joule
b) Volt
c) Tesla
d) Watt
What happens to the strength of
the magnetic field when you
move away from a magnet?
a) It stays the same
b) It gets weaker
c) It gets stronger
d) It depends on the type of magnet
How can you magnetize a piece
of iron?
a) By heating it up
b) By striking it with a hammer
c) By exposing it to a magnetic field
d) By painting it with a special magnetic paint
What is the difference between a
permanent magnet and a temporary
magnet?
a) A permanent magnet always produces a magnetic
field, while a temporary magnet only produces a
magnetic field when it is in the presence of an
external magnetic field.
b) A permanent magnet can only attract iron, while a
temporary magnet can attract any metal.
c) A permanent magnet can be demagnetized, while
a temporary magnet cannot.
d) There is no difference between the two types of
magnets.
How do magnetic field lines
indicate the strength of a
magnetic field?
a) The closer together the lines are, the
weaker the magnetic field.
b) The closer together the lines are, the
stronger the magnetic field.
c) The direction of the lines indicates the
strength of the magnetic field.
d) Magnetic field lines do not indicate the
strength of the magnetic field.
How can magnets be used to
generate electricity?
a) By heating them up
b) By exposing them to a magnetic field
c) By rubbing them together
d) By attaching them to a battery

Magnetism

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Magnetism

Magnets and Magnetic

2. Process is reversible with heat

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