BUILDING SERVICES-II (ELECTRICAL SERVICES AND

ILLUMINATION)

MODULE 1
ELECTRICAL SERVICES - ELECTRICITY GENERATION; TRANSMISSION AND
DISTRIBUTION
 TOPIC
GENERATION OF
ELECTRICITY
OBJECTIVE:

All the End of this lesson the student will be elaborate the the Generation of
Power system

Content:

❖ Traditional Power Plant

Hydel Power Station
Nuclear Power Station
Diesel Power Station
Natural Gas Power Station
Thermal Power Station

❖ Non-Tradition Power Plant:

Solar Power Station
Wind Power Plant
TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Hydel Power Station
Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of
falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical
energy.
TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Hydel Power Station
TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Nuclear Power Plant
In a nuclear-fueled power plant – much like a fossil-fueled power plant– water is turned into steam, which in turn
drives turbine generators toproduce electricity. The difference is the source of heat.
At nuclear power plants, the heat to make the steam is created when uranium atoms split – called fission.
TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Nuclear Power Plant
TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Diesel Power Plant
In the diesel engine power plant the fuel mixture and air is used as a working medium. During the time of the suction stroke
atmospheric air enters the combustion chamber. With the help of the injection pump fuel is injected in to the chamber. Inside
the engine the air and the fuel is mixed and the charge must be ignited because of the compression present inside the
cylinder. The main principle observed in the diesel engine is the thermal energy it must be converted in to the mechanical
energy and further the mechanical energy must be converted in to the electrical energy. The main purpose is to develop
electricity with the help of the alternator or generator.
Diesel Power plant - Line diagram

2 to 50 MW capacity
are used as central
stations for small
supply
TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Natural Gas Power Plant
Natural gas (1) is pumped into the gas turbine (2), where it is mixed with air (3) and burned, converting its
chemical energy into heat energy. As well as heat, burning natural gas produces a mixture of gasescalled
the combustion gas.
TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Thermal Power Station
The way energy from fuel gets transformed into electricity forms the working of a power plant. In a thermal power plant a
steam turbine is rotated with help of high pressure and high temperature steam and this rotation is transferred to a generator
to produce electricity.
TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
Conceptual figure of Coal based Power Generation Plant:

Fossil Fuel Power plants:

TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
Conceptual figure of Gas based Power Generation Plant:
Natural gas power plant is a thermal power station which burns natural gas to
generate electricity. Natural gas power stations generate a quarter of world electricity and a
significant part of global greenhouse gas emissions and thus global warming.
NON-TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Solar Power Plants
Solar Panels are a form of active solar power, a term that describes how solar panels make use of the sun's energy: solar panels
harvest sunlight and actively convert it to electricity. Solar Cells, or photovoltaic cells, are arranged in a grid-like pattern on the
surface of the solar panel.

Main Components of Solar Power Plant:

P.V Cell, Battery, Charge Controller, Inverter/Converter, D.C load (L.E.Ds & Fans), Main control panel.
NON-TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Wind Power Plant

This produces DC current

NON-TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• Geothermal power plant (flash
steam, combined cycle) in
Iceland. Geothermal power
plants are used in order to
generate electricity by the use of
geothermal energy (the Earth's
internal thermal energy). They
essentially work the same as
a coal ornuclear power plant, the
main difference being the heat
source.
NON-TRADITIONAL POWER PLANTS
• 3 phase electricity generation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RycspJC4OKM
WORKING OF A GENERATOR

https://www.electrical4u.com/electric-generator/
 What are the colours of the T shirts?

This is actually a black and white photo, but an artist has drawn color lines through it. Your
brain is filling in the rest of the colors even though they aren't there. Look closer....
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSMISSION
AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
OF ELECTRIC POWER
Goals of the lesson

After going through the lesson you shall get a broad idea of the following:
1. Different methods of generating electrical power.
2. Issues involved in transporting this power to different types of consumers located generally
at far off places from the generating stations.
3. Necessity of substations to cater power to consumers at various voltage levels.
TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Power transmission: it includes all augmentation equipment's Viz. step up transformers,

switchgears, overhead lines, bulk consumers, distribution substation etc.

Transmission lines: These are the overhead lines which convey the electrical energy from the
generating station at high or extra high voltage to the distribution substation. These are also
know as feeders.

Distribution system: all the equipment in the distribution substation, overhead lines U/G cable
radiating from the distribution substation combine to gather is known as distribution system.

Distributors : these are the overhead lines from which number of consumers are fed by
electrical energy at low voltage.

Service connection: the aluminum conductors or the weather proof connecting the distributors
with the consumers mains is known as service connections.
POWER TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION
Different Types of Towers

7
An overhead transmission line usually consists of three conductors or bundles of conductors
containing the three phases of the power system. The conductors are usually aluminum cable
steel reinforced (ACSR), which are steel core (for strength) and aluminum wires (having low
resistance) wrapped around the core.
IN OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES, THE CONDUCTORS ARE SUSPENDED
FROM A POLE OR A TOWER VIA INSULATORS.
SERVICE
LINES
 ADVANTAGES OF TRANSMISSION AT HIGH
VOLTAGE OR EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
• With increase in the transmission voltage size of the conductors is
reduced (Cross section of the conductors reduce as current required to
carry reduces).
• As the reduction in current carrying requirement losses reduces
results in better efficiency.
• Due to low current voltage drop will be less so voltage
regulation improves
DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSMISSION AT HIGH
VOLTAGE OR EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE
• With the increase in the voltage of transmission, the insulation
required between the conductors and the earthed tower increases.
This increase the cost of line support.
• With increase in the voltage of transmission, more clearance is
required between conductors and ground. Hence higher towers are
required.
• With increase in the voltage transmission, more distance is required
between the conductors. Therefore cross arms should be long
 INSULATORS
In order to prevent the flow of current to the earth from the supports, the
transmission lines or distribution lines are all secured to the supporting towers or
poles with the help of insulators.

The chief requirements for the insulators are:

• They must be mechanically very strong.

• Their dielectric strength must be very high.
• They must provide high insulation resistance to the leakage currents.
• They must be free from internal impurities.
• They should not be porous
• They must be impervious to the entrance of gases or liquids into the
materials.
• They must have high ratio of puncture strength to flash over voltage
LATERAL THINKING PUZZLES
Trouble with Sons
A woman had two sons who were born on the same hour of the same day of the same month of
the same year. But they were not twins. How could this be so?
They were two of a set of triplets (or quadruplets etc.)

The Coal, Carrot and Scarf

Five pieces of coal, a carrot and a scarf are lying on the lawn. Nobody put them on the lawn but
there is a perfectly logical reason why they should be there. What is it?

They were used by children who made a snowman. The snow has now melted.
FUN FACTS
• Ever wondered why birds that sit on
power lines don’t get electrocuted? If a
bird sits on only one power line it’s
safe. If the bird touches any part of its
body to another line, it creates a circuit,
causing electrocution.

• A spark of static electricity can measure up

to 3,000 volts.
• A bolt of lightning can measure up to
3,000,000 volts, and it lasts less than one
second!
• Electric eels can produce strong electric
shocks of around 500 volts.

Albertville, France’s electricity is powered by Beaufort cheese. Since whey is necessary

to make Beaufort cheese, bacteria is added to the whey. This transforms the whey into
biogas. This gas is then fed through an engine which heats water to 90°C (194°F) to
generate 2800 MWh/yr of electricity.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. According to Nature of current
I. (a) d.c. distribution system
II. (b) a.c. distribution system.
Now-a-days, a.c. system is universally adopted for distribution of electric
power as it is simpler and more economical than direct current method.

2. According to Type of construction:

• Underground system
• Overhead system

I. http://www.eeeguide.com/electric-power-distribution-system/
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
3. According to number of wires
I. Two wire D.C system
II. Three wire D.C system
III. Single phase two wire A.C system
IV. Three phase three wire A.C system
V. Three phase four wire A.C system

4. According to scheme of connection

I. Radial distribution system

II. Ring main distribution system
III. Inter connected distribution system
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Feeder: a line or a conductor which connects the
major substation to the distributor.

Distributor: a line conductor which various

consumers are connected through service mains.

Service mains: a line or a conductor or cable which

connects the consumer to the distributor.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1. According to Nature of current
I. (a) d.c. distribution system
II. (b) a.c. distribution system.
Now-a-days, a.c. system is universally adopted for distribution of electric
power as it is simpler and more economical than direct current method.

I. http://www.eeeguide.com/electric-power-distribution-system/
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1) According to Nature of current

AC DISTRIBUTION
One important reason for the widespread use of alternating current in preference to
direct current is the fact that alternating voltage can be conveniently changed in
magnitude by means of a transformer. Transformer has made it possible to transmit a.c.
power at high voltage and utilise it at a safe potential. High transmission and distribution
voltages have greatly reduced the current in the conductors and the resulting line
losses.

The a.c. distribution system is classified into

i. primary distribution system and

ii. Secondary distribution system.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to Nature of current

i) Primary distribution system.

It is that part of a.c. distribution system which
operates at voltages somewhat higher than
general utilization and handles large blocks of
electrical energy than the average low-voltage
consumer uses. The most commonly used
primary distribution voltages are 11 kV, 6·6 kV
and 3·3 kV.
Due to economic considerations, primary
distribution is carried out by 3- phase, 3-wire
system Fig. shows a typical primary distribution
system Electric power from the generating
station is transmitted at high voltage to the
substation located in or near the city.
Primary distribution system.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to Nature of current

ii) Secondary distribution system

The secondary distribution employs 400/230V,3-
phase,4wire system.
The primary distribution circuit delivers power to
various substations, called distribution sub-stations.
The substations are situated near the consumers’
localities and contain step-down transformers.
At each distribution substation, the voltage is stepped
down to 400Vandpowerisdeliveredby 3-phase,4-wire
a.c. system. The voltage between any two phases is
400V and between any phase and neutralize 230V.The
single phase domestic loads are connected between
any one phase and the neutral, where as 3-phase
400V motor loads are connected across 3- phase lines
directly.

Secondary distribution system.

 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to Nature of current

D.C. DISTRIBUTION
It is a common knowledge that electric power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed as
a.c. However, for certain applications, d.c. supply is absolutely necessary. For instance, d.c. supply is required
for the operation of variable speed machinery (d.c. motors), for electro-chemical work and for congested areas
where storage battery reserves are necessary. For this purpose, a.c. power is converted into d.c. power at the
substation by using converting machinery e.g., mercury arc rectifiers, rotary converters and motor-generator
sets. The d.c. supply from the substation may be obtained in the form of

( i) 2-wire
( ii) 3-wire for distribution.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to Nature of current

( i) 2-wire d.c. system.

As the name implies, this system of distribution consists of two wires. One is the outgoing or positive wire and
the other is the return or negative wire. The loads such as lamps, motors etc. are connected in parallel between
the two wires as shown in Fig. 12.4. This system is never used for transmission purposes due to low efficiency
but may be employed for distribution of d.c. power.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to Nature of current

( ii) 3-wire d.c. system.

It consists of two outers and a middle or neutral wire which is earthed at the substation. The voltage between
the outers is twice the voltage between either outer and neutral wire as shown in Fig. 12.5. The principal
advantage of this system is that it makes available two voltages at the consumer terminals viz., V between any
outer and the neutral and 2V between the outers. Loads requiring high voltage ( e.g., motors) are connected
across the outers, whereas lamps and heating circuits requiring less voltage are connected between either outer
and the neutral.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

2. According to Type of construction:

• Underground system
• Overhead system

I. http://www.eeeguide.com/electric-power-distribution-system/
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
2)According to type of construction
OVERHEAD VERSUS UNDERGROUND SYSTEM.
The distribution system can be overhead or underground. Overhead lines are generally mounted on
wooden, concrete or steel poles which are arranged to carry distribution transformers in addition to
the conductors. The underground system uses conduits, cables and manholes under the surface of
streets and sidewalks. The choice between overhead and underground system depends upon a
num-ber of widely differing factors. Therefore, it is desirable to make a comparison between the
two.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to type of construction

OVERHEAD VERSUS UNDERGROUND SYSTEM.

( i) Public safety.

The underground system is more safe than overhead system because all distribution wiring is placed
underground and there are little chances of any hazard.

( ii) Initial cost.

The underground system is more expensive due to the high cost of trenching, conduits, cables, manholes and
other special equipment. The initial cost of an underground system may be five to ten times than that of an
overhead system.

( iii) Flexibility.

The overhead system is much more flexible than the underground system. In the latter case, manholes, duct
lines etc., are permanently placed once installed and the load expansion can only be met by laying new lines.
However, on an overhead system, poles, wires, transformers etc., can be easily shifted to meet the changes in
load conditions.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to type of construction

OVERHEAD VERSUS UNDERGROUND SYSTEM.

( iv) Faults.

The chances of faults in underground system are very rare as the cables are laid underground and are generally
provided with better insulation.

( v) Appearance.

The general appearance of an underground system is better as all the distribution lines are invisible. This factor
is exerting considerable public pressure on electric supply companies to switch over to underground system.

( vi) Fault location and repairs.

In general, there are little chances of faults in an underground system. However, if a fault does occur, it is
difficult to locate and repair on this system. On an overhead system, the conductors are visible and easily
accessible so that fault locations and repairs can be easily made.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to type of construction
OVERHEAD VERSUS UNDERGROUND SYSTEM.

( vii) Current carrying capacity and voltage drop.

An overhead distribution conductor has a considerably higher current carrying capacity than an underground
cable conductor of the same material and cross-section. On the other hand, underground cable conductor has
much lower inductive reactance than that of an overhead conductor because of closer spacing of conductors.

( viii) Useful life.

The useful life of underground system is much longer than that of an overhead system. An overhead system
may have a useful life of 25 years, whereas an underground system may have a useful life of more than 50
years.

( ix) Maintenance cost.

The maintenance cost of underground system is very low as compared with that of overhead system because of
less chances of faults and service interruptions from wind, ice, lightning as well as from traffic hazards.

( x) Interference with communication circuits.

An overhead system causes electromagnetic interference with the telephone lines. The power line currents are
superimposed on speech currents, resulting in the potential of the communication channel being raised to an
undesirable level. However, there is no such interference with the underground system.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to type of construction

OVERHEAD VERSUS UNDERGROUND SYSTEM.

It is clear from the above comparison that each system has its own advantages and disadvan tages. However,
comparative economics ( i.e., annual cost of operation) is the most powerful factor influencing the choice
between underground and overhead system. The greater capital cost of underground system prohibits its use
for distribution. But sometimes non-economic factors ( e.g., general appearance, public safety etc.) exert
considerable influence on choosing underground system. In general, overhead system is adopted for
distribution and the use of underground system is made only where overhead construction is impracticable or
prohibited by local laws.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to type of construction

OVERHEAD VERSUS UNDERGROUND SYSTEM.

It is clear from the above comparison that each system has its own advantages and disadvan tages. However,
comparative economics ( i.e., annual cost of operation) is the most powerful factor influencing the choice
between underground and overhead system. The greater capital cost of underground system prohibits its use
for distribution. But sometimes non-economic factors ( e.g., general appearance, public safety etc.) exert
considerable influence on choosing underground system. In general, overhead system is adopted for
distribution and the use of underground system is made only where overhead construction is impracticable or
prohibited by local laws.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
3. According to number of wires
I. Two wire D.C system
II. Three wire D.C system
III. Single phase two wire A.C system
IV. Three phase three wire A.C system
V. Three phase four wire A.C system
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
3) According to Number of wires

I. Two wire D.C system

II. Three wire D.C system

Two wire D.C Three wire D.C

system system
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to Number of wires

Single Phase, 2-Wire Distribution

This system may be used for very short distances. The following figure shows a single phase two wire system
with - fig (a) one of the two wires earthed and fig. (b) mid-point of the phase winding is earthed.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to Number of wires

Three Phase, 3-Wire Distribution System

Three phase systems are very widely used for AC power distribution. The three phases may be delta
connected or star connected with star point usually grounded. The voltage between two phases or lines for delta
connection is V, where V is the voltage across a phase winding. For star connection, the voltage between two
phases is √3V.

DELTA Connection
STAR Connection
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to Number of wires

Three Phase, 4-Wire Distribution System

This system uses star connected phase windings and the fourth wire or neutral wire is taken from the star point.
If the voltage of each winding is V, then the line-to-line voltage (line voltage) is √3V and the line-to-neutral
voltage (phase voltage) is V. This type of distribution system is widely used in India and many other countries.
In these countries, standard phase voltage is 230 volts and line voltage is √3x230 = 400 volts. Single phase
residential loads, single phase motors which run on 230 volts etc. are connected between any one phase and
the neutral. Three phase loads like three-phase induction motors are put across all the three phases and the
neutral.
 CLASSIFICATION OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
4. According to scheme of connection

I. Radial distribution system

II. Ring main distribution system
III. Inter connected distribution system
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
4) According to scheme of
connection

I) Radial Distribution System

This system is used only when substation or
generating station is located at the center of the consumers.
In this system, different feeders radiate from a substation or
a generating station and feed the distributors at one end.

Thus, the main characteristic of a radial distribution

system is that the power flow is in only one direction. Single
line diagram of a typical radial distribution system is as
shown in the figure below.
It is the simplest system and has the lowest initial cost.

Although this system is simplest and least expensive, it is

not highly reliable. A major drawback of a radial
distribution system is, a fault in the feeder will result in
supply failure to associated consumers as there won't be
any alternative feeder to feed distributors.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to scheme of
connection

Parallel Feeders Distribution

System
The above-mentioned
disadvantage of a radial system
can be minimized by introducing
parallel feeders. The initial cost of
this system is much more as the
number of feeders is doubled.
Such system may be used where
reliability of the supply is important
or for load sharing where the load
is higher.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to scheme of
connection

II) Ring Main Distribution System

A similar level of system reliability to that of

the parallel feeders can be achieved by
using ring distribution system. Here, each
distribution transformer is fed with two
feeders but in different paths. The feeders in
this system form a loop which starts from the
substation bus-bars, runs through the load
area feeding distribution transformers and
returns to the substation bus-bars. The
following figure shows a typical single line
diagram of a ring main distribution system.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to scheme of
connection

Advantages Of Ring Main Distribution

System
There are fewer voltage fluctuations at
consumer's terminal.
The system is very reliable as each distribution
transformer is fed with two feeders. That means,
in the event of a fault in any section of the
feeder, the continuity of the supply is ensured
from the alternative path.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
According to scheme of
connection

III) Interconnected Distribution System

When a ring main feeder is energized by two or
more substations or generating stations, it is
called as an interconnected distribution system.
This system ensures reliability in an event of
transmission failure. Also, any area fed from one
generating stations during peak load hours can
be fed from the other generating station or
substation for meeting power requirements from
increased load.
ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION

Substation equipment - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDiPKEThLVI

Substation configurations - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55I-PlXnoz8

 SUBSTATIONS

Electrical substation model side-view

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side
1. Primary power lines 2. Ground wire 3. Overhead lines 4. Lightning arrester 5. Disconnect switch 6. Circuit breaker 7.
Current transformer 8. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage 9. Main transformer 10. Control building 11. Security
fence 12. Secondary power lines
CLASSIFICATION

▪Transmission substation

▪ Distribution substation

▪ Converter substations

▪ Switching substation
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A
SUBSTATION
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS – Current and Voltage transformers

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is

used to reduce or multiply an alternating current (AC). It
produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to
the current in its primary. Current transformers, along with
voltage or potential transformers, are instrument transformers

Potential transformer or voltage transformer

gets used in electrical power system for stepping
down the system voltage to a safe value which can
be fed to low ratings meters and relays.
Commercially available relays and meters used for
protection and metering, are designed for low
voltage. This is a simplest form of potential
transformer definition.
 MAIN
COMPONENTS

Circuit breakers are used to open and close

circuits. They can be operated manually to
perform maintenance or will automatically trip if
a short circuit occurs. This function in the
power system is similar to that of the fuses or
breakers in a household distribution panel.

CIRCUIT BREAKER
 CIRCUIT BREAKER

•It designed to protect an electrical

circuit from damage caused by overload
or short circuit.

•Its basic function is to detect a fault

condition and discontinue the electric
flow

.
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A
SUBSTATION

Surge arresters are devices that help prevent

damage to apparatus due to high voltages.
The arrester provides a low-impedance path to
LIGHTING ARRESTER
ground for the current from a lightning strike or
transient voltage and then restores to a normal
operating conditions.
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A
SUBSTATION An electrical bus bar is defined as a conductor or a
group of conductor used for collecting electric
power from the incoming feeders and distributes
them to the outgoing feeders. In other words, it is a
type of electrical junction in which all the incoming
and outgoing electrical current meets. Thus, the
electrical bus bar collects the electric power at one
location.

BUS BAR
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A
SUBSTATION
The isolator can be defined as; it is one type of
mechanical switch used to isolate a fraction of the
electrical circuit when it is required.
Isolator switches are used for opening an electrical
circuit in the no-load condition. It is not proposed to
be opened while current flows through the line.
Generally, these are employed on circuit breaker
both the ends thus the circuit breaker repair can be
done easily without any risk.

ISOLATOR
ISOLATORS
 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A
SUBSTATION
Wave trap is installed in the substation for trapping
the high frequency communication signal sent on the
line from remote substation and diverting them to the
telecom panel in substation control room. These high
frequency signal should not be coming on the buses
as these may damage the equipments .

A wave trap is a device that allow only a particular

frequency to pass through it that it filters the signals
coming on to it . So a wave trap is connected
between buses and the transmission line which allow WAVE TRAP
only 50 Hz signal to pass through it.

This is relevant in power carrier communication

(PLCC) system for communication among various
substation without dependence on telecom company
network . The signals are primarily teleportation signal
and in addition , voice and data communication
signal.
WAVE TRAP
 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION

An insulator type usually made of porcelain that

can be stacked in a string and hangs from a cross
arm on a tower or pole and supports the line
conductor. Suspension insulators are used for
very high voltage systems when it is not practical or
safe to use other types of insulators.

INSULATOR
 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION

Main function of earth switch is to ground the

isolated bus/conductor. It is interlinked with isolator,
when isolator opens the circuit, earthswitch is
closed & when isolator closes the circuit,
earthswitch is opened. So earth switch provides
extra safety to the working personnel.

EARTH SWITCH
 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION

EARTHING SYSTEM
The substation grounding
system comprises of a grid (earth mat)
formed by a horizontal buried conductors. ...
To ensure safety to personnel in
substations against electrical shocks. To
provide the ground connection for connecting
the neutrals of stat connected transformer
winding to earth ( neutral earthing ).
 EARTHING
SYSTEM

▪Station Earthing System includes Earth Mat and Earth electrodes placed below ground level
Function earthing system is to provide low resistance earthing for
❑Discharging currents from the surge arresters, overhead shielding, earthing switches
❑For equipment body earthing

❑For safe touch potential and step potential in substation.

 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION

Control panels contain meters, control switches

and recorders located in the control building, also
called a doghouse. These are used to control the
substation equipment, to send power from one
circuit to another or to open or to to shut down
circuits when needed.

CONTROL PANEL
 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION
CONTROL PANELS

Three Phase HT Panels LT Panel

HT Panel is like LT Panel except that it is used for high tension cables. LT Panels: LT
Panel is an electrical distribution board that receives power from generator or transformer
and distributes the same to various electronic devices and distribution boards.
 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION

CABLES CABLE PARTS

TYPES OF CABLES TWISTED CABLES

 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION
A high-voltage cable (HV cable) is a cable used
for electric power transmission at high voltage. A
cable includes a conductor and insulation, and is
suitable for being run underground or underwater.
This is in contrast to an overhead line, which does
not have insulation. High-voltage cables of differing
types have a variety of applications in instruments,
ignition systems, and alternating current (AC) and
direct current (DC) power transmission. In all
applications, the insulation of the cable must not HT CABLES
deteriorate due to the high-voltage stress, ozone
produced by electric discharges in air, or tracking.
The cable system must prevent contact of the high-
voltage conductor with other objects or persons,
and must contain and control leakage current.
Cable joints and terminals must be designed to
control the high-voltage stress to prevent
breakdown of the insulation. Often a high-voltage
cable will have a metallic shield layer over the
insulation, connected to the ground and designed to
equalize the dielectric stress on the insulation layer.

TYPES OF CABLES TWISTED CABLES

 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION
Low tension (LT) lines have low voltage (less than
1kV) and high current distribution
.(eg.230V/440V).The power supplying to our
household applications are at LT . It is used to
transmit power at very small distances and uses
thicker conductors

LT CABLES

What is the voltage level for LT and HT? In India, voltage less than or equal to 1000V is
termed as LV (LT). Voltage more than 33kV but less than or equal to 230kV is termed as HV
(HT)
 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION

A standard piece of switchgear in distribution

systems comprising of switches for switching power
cable rings and of switches in series with fuses for
the protection of distrbution transformers. ... Ring
main unit is used in a secondary distribution
system. It is basically used for an uninterrupted
power supply.

RING MAIN UNITS

 MAIN COMPONENTS
OF A SUBSTATION

Each substation contains metering

equipment, protection relays, and switching
circuits that control the operation of the
connected generation, transmission, and
distribution supplies.

Metering Panels
 TRANSFORM
ER

•Power transformers are used in transmission network of higher voltages for step- up and step
down application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110 kV, 66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated above
200MVA.

•Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution networks as a means to end
user connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV, 3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are generally rated less than 200
MVA.
CONCLUSION
EXTRA INFORMATION
PARTS OF
TRANSFORMER

▪Main tank
▪ Primary winding
▪ Secondary winding
▪ Buchholz relay
▪ Oil level indicator
▪ Breather
▪ Radiator
▪ L T & HT bushes
▪ Tap changer
▪ Air release plug
BUCHHOLZ RELAYS

▪Buchholz relays are used in most oil

insulated electric transformers where there
is an expansion tank.
▪ Buchholz relays are particularly efficient
in detecting and capturing gases that may
form inside the transformers and for
instant system shut down in case of a
serious defect. BUCHHOLZ
RELAY
CONSERVATOR
▪The conservator provides space for
the expansion of oil .

CONSERVATOR
 BREATHER
▪The breather filled with silica gels are
provided to separate moisture from the
aspirated air.
▪ The silica gel turns blue when it
becomes saturated with moisture
after which it needs to be replaced.

AIR RELEASE PLUGS

▪These air releasing plugs are made from very BREATHER
excellent quality raw material which ensure
hassle free work performance. These plugs
finds its applications in various industrial
sectors. We are able to customized these plugs
as per customer requirement with market
competitive rates

AIR RELEASE PLUGS

TERMINAL BOX

▪A terminal box is designed to enable

the electrical connection of the elements
within a transformer to the external
elements in an airtight and reliable
manner that ensures years of trouble-
free operation.
TERMINAL BOX
COOLING FANS

▪They are used for cooling of the

transformer when there is a
temperature raise in the transformer.

COOLING FANS
RADIATORS
▪The radiator of transformer accelerates the
cooling rate of transformer. Thus, it plays a vital
role in increasing loading capacity of
an electrical transformer. This is basic function
of radiator of an electrical power.

RADIATORS
TRANSFORMER RATING
TAP CHANGER
▪A tap changer is a connection point selection
mechanism along a power T/F winding that
allows a variable number of turns to be selected
in discrete steps. A T/F with a variable turns ratio
is produced, enabling stepped voltage
regulation of the output. The tap selection may
be made via an automatic or manual tap .

BHUSHINGS OF T/F TAP CHANGER

▪ The oil impregnated paper insulated
bushings arc used to connect over head lines to
T/F. These are mounted on t/f in vertical or
inclined position at a maximum inclnation of 30°
from the verticaL.

BUSHINGS OF T/F
 BUS
BARS

• a bus bar is a thick strip of copper or aluminium that conducts electricity.

• Bus bars are used to carry very large currents, or to distribute current to multiple
devices within switchgear or equipment.
BULK OIL CB
▪It uses a large quantity of oil
▪ The oil serves two purposes.
▪ Firstly ,it extinguishes the arc during opening
of contacts.
▪ Secondly ,it insulates the current conduting
parts from one anthor and from the earthed
tank.

BULK OIL CB
AIR BLAST CB
▪The CB in which high pressure air
blast is used for extinguishing the arc.
▪ The arcing products are completely removed by
the blast whereas the oil deteriorates with
successive operations.
▪ The expense of regular oil replacement
is avoided
AIR BLAST
MINIMUM OIL CB
•These types of circuit breakers utilize oil as the
interrupting media. However, unlike bulk oil
circuit breaker, a minimum oil circuit breaker
places the interrupting unit in insulating chamber
at live potential.
•The insulating oil is available only in interrupting
chamber. The features of designing MOCB is to
reduce requirement of oil, and hence these
breaker are MINIMUM OIL
called minimum oil circuit breaker.

CROSS BLAST CB
▪The CB in which the air blast is directed
right angles to the arc path.
▪ The splitters serve to increase the arc length of the
arc and baffles give improved cooling resulting in
extinguished arc.

CROSS BLAST
AUXIAL BLAST CB
▪The circuit breaker in which the
air blast is directed long the arc
path
▪ When the fault occurs the arc is
extinguished and current flow is
interrupted.

AUXIAL BLAST
SF6 CB
▪The circuit breaker in which
sulphur dioxide (SF6)gas is used
for arc extinction.
▪ Due to superior arc quenching
property of SF6 ,such circuit
breakers have short arcing time.

SF 6
 1. ACTUATOR LEVER - USED TO
MANUALLY
TRIP AND RESET THE CIRCUIT
BREAKER.
2. Actuator mechanism - forces the
contacts together or apart
3. Contacts - Allow current when touching
and break the current when moved apart
4. Terminals
5. Bimetallic strip.
6. Calibration screw - allows the
manufacturer to precisely adjust the trip
current of the device after assembly.
CIRCUIT
BREAKER 7. Solenoid
8. Arc divider/extinguisher
 ISOLATOR
•It is a disconnection switch
and to be operated on no
load.

•It is used to make sure that

an electrical circuit can be
completely de-energized for
service or maintenance.

•It provide electrical isolation

of the equipment .
 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

•CT is a type of instrument transformer that is

used in power system for measurement,
detection, protection of the system.

•Current transformers are used extensively for

measuring current and monitoring the operation
of the power grid.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
▪Potential transformers are instrument
transformers. They have a large number of
primary turns and a few number of secondary
turns.

▪It converts voltages from high to low. It will

take the thousands of volts behind power
transmission systems and step the voltage down
to something that meters can handle.
LIGHTING ARRESTER
⮚It discharge the over voltage surges to earth and
protect the equipment insulation from switching
surges and lightning surges.

⮚It located at the starting of the substation as seen

from incoming transmission lines and is the first
equipment of the substation
INSULATOR

⮚An insulator, also called a dielectric, is a

material that resists the flow of electric
current.

⮚Insulators are used in electrical equipment

to support and separate electrical conductors
without allowing current through
themselves.
 PIN TYPE
▪Pin type insulators are used for transmission and
distribution of electric power at voltages up to 33 kV.
Beyond operating voltage of 33 kV, the pin type insulators
become too bulky and hence uneconomical.
PIN TYPE
SUSPENISION TYPE
▪ For high voltages (>33 kV), we use
suspension type insulators. Each unit or disc is designed
for low voltage, say 11 kV.
▪ For instance, if the working voltage is 66 kV, then six
discs in series will be provided on the string.

STRAIN TYPE
SUSPENSION TYPE
▪ When there is a dead end of the line or there
is corner or sharp curve, the line is subjected
to greater tension.
▪ In order to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain
insulators are used. For low voltage lines (< 11 kV),
shackle insulators are
used as strain insulators.
STRAIN TYPE
 STRAIN TYPE
▪When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or
sharp curve, the line is subjected to greater tension. In order to
relieve the line of excessive tension, strain insulators are used.
For low voltage lines (< 11 kV), shackle insulators are used as
strain insulators.
▪ However, for high voltage transmission lines, strain
insulator consists of an assembly of suspension insulators
as shown in Figure.
▪ The discs of strain insulators are used in the vertical STRAIN TYPE
plane. When the tension in lines is exceedingly high, at
long river spans, two or more strings are used in parallel.

SHACKLE TYPE
▪ In early days, the shackle insulators were used
as strain insulators. But now a day, they are frequently
used for low voltage distribution lines.
▪ Such insulators can be used either in a horizontal
position or in a vertical position. They can be directly
fixed to the pole with a bolt or to the cross arm.

SHACKLE TYPE
 WAVE TRAP
❑It trap the high frequency communication signals
sent on the line from the remote substation and
diverting them to the telecom/ teleprotection panel
in the substation control room .

❑The Line trap offers high impedance to the high

frequency communication signals thus obstructs the
flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars.

❑The signals are primarily teleprotection signals

and in addition, voice and data communication
signals.
 EARTH SWITCH
✔Earth Switch is used to discharge the voltage on the circuit to the earth for
safety.

✔Earth switch is mounted on the frame of the isolators.

✔Earth Switch is located for each incomer transmission lineand

each side of the bus-bar section
METERING, CONTROL AND RELAY
PANELS

▪To house various measuring Instruments, control Instruments, Protective relays. They are
located in air-conditioned building. Control Cables are laid between Switchyard equipment
and these panels.
 RELAYS TYPES
Electromagnetic relays
•These are those relays which are operated by
electromagnetic action. Modern
electrical protection relays are mainly micro processor
based, but still electromagnetic relay holds its place. It
will take much longer time to be replaced the all
electromagnetic relays by micro processor based static
relays.
Induction relay
•This relay in nothing but one version of induction disc
relay. Induction cup relay work in same principle of
induction disc relay. The basis construction of this relay
is just like four poles or eight pole induction motor. The
number of poles in the protective relay depends upon
the number of winding to be accommodated.
CABLES STRUCTURE & CONSTRUCTION
THREE CORE CABLES TYPES