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Environmental Change and Extinction

The document discusses several topics related to environmental change and extinction, including: 1) Definitions of key terms like environment, adaptation, food chains, food webs, and population change. 2) Examples of endangered species and how the IUCN Red List tracks threatened species. 3) How overexploitation led to the extinction of sea snails used to create Tyrian purple dye. 4) Details on several major extinction events in Earth's history that dramatically reduced biodiversity.

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39 views14 pages

Environmental Change and Extinction

The document discusses several topics related to environmental change and extinction, including: 1) Definitions of key terms like environment, adaptation, food chains, food webs, and population change. 2) Examples of endangered species and how the IUCN Red List tracks threatened species. 3) How overexploitation led to the extinction of sea snails used to create Tyrian purple dye. 4) Details on several major extinction events in Earth's history that dramatically reduced biodiversity.

Uploaded by

kavinthecornerstone
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Environmental Change

and Extinction
BY RAKSHAN AND KAVIN ROSHAN
Environment
Environment means what surrounds us it may
be living or non-living things it includes
physical, chemical and other natural forces.
 Environment includes the living and non-
living things that an organism interacts
with, or has an effect on it. Living elements
that an organism interacts with are known
as biotic elements: animals, plants, etc.
Abiotic elements are non living things
which include air, water, sunlight etc.
Adaptation by species
 Plants and Animals species are adopted
to their habitat. This features they have
that help them survival is known as
Adaptation
 Many Animals and birds have different
kinds of Adaptation. For Example:
Camel Living in a desert region
Food Chain

 Group of organisms linked in order of the food they eat, from producers to
consumers, and from prey, predators, scavengers, and decomposers.

 A food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from


producer organisms (such as grass or algae which produce their own
food via photosynthesis) and ending at an apex predator species (like
grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or
woodlice), or decomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria).
Food web

 A food web consists of all the food chains


in a single ecosystem. Each living thing in
an ecosystem is part of multiple food
chains.
 Each food chain is one possible path that
energy and nutrients may take as they
move through the ecosystem.
 All of the interconnected and overlapping
food chains in an ecosystem make up a
food web.
Population Change

 In the natural world, limiting factors like the


availability of food, water, shelter, and space can
change animal and plant populations.
 Other limiting factors, like competition for
resources, predation, and disease also impact
populations.
Endangered Species
 An endangered species is a type of organism that is threatened by
extinction. Species become endangered for two main reasons: loss
of habitat and loss of genetic variation.
 Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat
loss, poaching, and invasive species. The International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List lists the global
conservation status of many species, and various other agencies
assess the status of species within particular areas.
 Many nations have laws that protect conservation-reliant species
which, for example, forbid hunting, restrict land development, or
create protected areas.
Examples for Endangered

Species
Javan Rhinos.
 Amur Leopard.
 Sunda Island Tiger.
 Mountain Gorillas.
 Tapanuli Orangutan.
 Yangtze Finless Porpoise.
 Black Rhinos.
 African Forest Elephant.
The IUCN’s Red List of Threatened
Species
 Established in 1964, The International Union for Conservation of
Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the
world’s most comprehensive information source on the global
conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health of the


world’s biodiversity. Far more than a list of species and their
status, it is a powerful tool to inform and catalyze action for
biodiversity conservation and policy change, critical to
protecting the natural resources we need to survive. It provides
information about range, population size, habitat and ecology,
use and/or trade, threats, and conservation actions that will help
inform necessary conservation decisions.
Examples Animals from Red List
Creation of Purple Dye
 The sea snails had been overexploited and eventually, there just
weren't any mature snails left.
 Tyrian purple is a pigment made from the mucus of several
species of Murex snail. Production of Tyrian purple for use as a
fabric dye began as early as 1200 BC by the Phoenicians, and was
continued by the Greeks and Romans until 1453 AD, with the fall
of Constantinople.
 William Henry Perkin, a young London chemist, patented a
synthesis in 1856 for a purple dye he created by accident whilst
trying to synthesise quinine, a Victorian anti-malarial
Extinction Events
 An extinction event is a widespread and rapid decrease in
the biodiversity on Earth.
 Such an event is identified by a sharp fall in the diversity
and abundance of multicellular organisms.
 It occurs when the rate of extinction increases with respect to
the background extinction rate and the rate of speciation.
 Estimates of the number of major mass extinctions in the
last 540 million years range from as few as five to more than
twenty.
The "Big Five" mass extinctions

 Ordovician–Silurian extinction events (End Ordovician or O–S): 445–444 Ma, just prior to and at the
Ordovician–Silurian transition. Two events occurred that killed off 27% of all families, 57% of all genera
and 85% of all species.
 Late Devonian extinctions: 372–359 Ma, occupying much of the Late Devonian up to the Devonian–
Carboniferous transition. The Late Devonian was an interval of high diversity loss, concentrated into two
extinction events. The largest extinction was the Kellwasser Event (Frasnian-Famennian, or F-F, 372 Ma),
an extinction event at the end of the Frasnian, about midway through the Late Devonian.

 Permian–Triassic extinction event (End Permian): 252 Ma, at the Permian–Triassic transition.[13]
Phanerozoic Eon's largest extinction killed 53% of marine families, 84% of marine genera, about 81% of all
marine species[14] and an estimated 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species.[15] This is also the largest known
extinction event for insects.
 Trilobites were highly successful marine animals until the Permian–Triassic extinction event wiped them all
out.
Continuation of Extinction Events
 Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (End Triassic): 201.3
Ma, at the Triassic–Jurassic transition. About 23% of all
families, 48% of all genera (20% of marine families and
55% of marine genera) and 70% to 75% of all species
became extinct
 Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (End Cretaceous,
K–Pg extinction, or formerly K–T extinction): 66 Ma, at
the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) – Paleogene (Danian)
transition.[19] The event was formerly called the
Cretaceous-Tertiary or K–T extinction or K–T boundary;
it is now officially named the Cretaceous–Paleogene (or
K–Pg) extinction event. About 17% of all families, 50%
of all genera[6] and 75% of all species became extinct

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