Albert Bandura

Bandura: Social
Cognitive Theory
What’s Inside:
• Overview of SCT or Social Cognitive Theory
• Biography of Albert Bandura
• Learning
• Triadic Reciprocal Causation
• Human Agency
• Self-Regulation
• Dysfunctional Behavior
• Therapy
What’s Inside:
• Related Research
• Critique of Bandura
• Concept of Humanity
Overview of SCT:
• Chance Encounter & Fortuitous Events are Important.
• SCT rest on several assumptions:
• Human Plasticity > Emphasis on Vicarious Learning
• Triadic Reciprocal Causation > B, E, P and capacity to
regulate nature and live.
• Social Cognitive Theory takes an Agentic Perspective > Self
Efficacy & Proxy Agency
• People regulate through both external & internal factors.
• In morally ambiguous situations, people regulate selves
through Moral Agency.
Biography of Albert Bandura
• Born in Alberta, Canada on December 4, 1925.
• Both parents had emigrated from eastern European
countries while still an adolescent—his father from
Poland and his mother from the Ukraine.
• He did not decide to become a psychologist until after
he had enrolled in the University of British Columbia
in Vancouver.
• Bandura told Richard Evans (Evans, 1989) that his
decision to become a psychologist was quite
accidental; that is, it was the result of a fortuitous
event.
Biography of Albert Bandura
• Earned his PhD in Clinical Psychology in 1951 at the
University of Iowa.
• Published Adolescent Aggression in 1959.
• President of American Psychological Association in
1974.
• President of APA in 1974.
• Professor at Stanford for over 50 years.
• Investigates hypotheses generated by his SCT.
Learning
• Observational Learning (Bobo Doll Experiment)
• Modelling
• Process governing observational learning:
• Attention
• Representation
• Behavioral Production
• Pano ko ba ito sisimulan?
• Ano ba itong ginagawa ko? (Monitoring)
• Tama ba ito? (Evaluating)
• Motivation – Need ba talaga?
• Enactive Learning
• Response to the consequences
• Consequences that make or break it our motivation
• Consequences as reinforcements
Triadic Reciprocal Causation
• Human Action is results of the three variables:
• E = Environment
• B = Behavior
• P = Person
• Chance Encounter & Fortuitous Events
• Differential Contributions
• The relative influence of behavior, environment, and
persons depends on which of the Triadic Factor is
strongest at the moment.
Human Agency
believes that people are self-regulating, proactive,
self-reflective, and self-organizing and that they have the power to
influence their own actions to produce desired consequences
• Core Features of Human Agency

• Intentionality
• Forethought
• Self-Reactiveness
• Self-Reflectiveness
> Self-efficacy
Self Efficacy
• What is Self-Efficacy?
• What contributes to self-efficacy?
• Mastery of experiences
• Social modeling
• Social Persuasion
• Physical and emotional states
• Proxy Agency
• Collective Efficacy
Self-Regulation
• Self-Regulations
• When people have high levels of self-efficacy, are
confident in their reliance on proxies, and possess solid
collective efficacy, they will have considerable capacity
to regulate their own behavior.
• Reactive Strategy
• Proactive Strategy
External Factors
Internal Factors: (1) Self-Observation (2) Self Judgmental
Processes (3) Self-Reaction
• Moral Agency
• People also regulate their actions through moral standards of conduct.
• Selective activation
Moral agency as having two aspects:

• (1) doing no harm to people and (2) proactively helping people
• How can people with strong moral beliefs concerning the worth and dignity of all
humankind behave in an inhumane manner to other humans? …that “people do not
ordinarily engage in reprehensible conduct until they have justified to themselves the
morality of their actions” (p. 72)…
• Disengagement of internal control.
• Self-regulation through moral agency

• Redefine the Behavior (Justification) (Palliative Comparisons)
• Disregard or Distort the Consequences of Behavior
• minimize the consequences of their action
• disregard or ignore the consequences
• distort or misconstrue the consequences
• Dehumanize or Blame the Victims
• Displace or Diffuse Responsibility
Therapy & Deviant Behavior
• Deviant behaviors are socially learned and then maintained
because they serve a function.
• Bandura’s concept of triadic reciprocal causation assumes
that behavior is learned as a result of a mutual interaction of
(1) the person, including cognition and neurophysiological
processes; (2) the environment, including interpersonal
relations and socio-economic conditions; and (3) behavioral
factors, including previous experiences with reinforcement.
• Depression - High personal standards and goals can lead to achievement and self
satisfaction. However, when people set their goals too high, they are likely to fail.
Failure frequently leads to depression, and depressed people often undervalue their
own accomplishments.
• Self-observation, Judgmental processes, Self-reactions.
• Phobias - Phobias are fears that are strong enough and pervasive enough to have
severe debilitating effects on one’s daily life.
• Phobias and fears are learned by direct contact, inappropriate generalization, and
especially by observational experiences (Bandura, 1986).
• Once established, phobias are maintained by consequent determinants: that is, the
negative reinforcement the phobic person receives for avoiding the fear-producing
situation.
• Aggression
• Aggressive behaviors, when carried to extremes, can also be dysfunctional. Bandura
(1986) contended that aggressive behavior is acquired through observation of
others, direct experiences with positive and negative reinforcements, training, or
instruction, and bizarre beliefs.
Therapy
• The ultimate goal of social cognitive therapy is self-
regulation
• Triadic Reciprocal Causation
• Three steps in successful therapy:
• Instigate some change in behavior
• Covert or cognitive modeling
• Enactive mastery
• Systematic desensitization
Concept of Humanity
• Bandura sees humans as having the capacity to become many things, and most
of these things are learned through modeling.
• Bandura believes that people are quite plastic and flexible, and that plasticity
and flexibility are the essence of humanity’s basic nature.
• People have the capacity to store past experiences and to use this information
to chart future actions.
• The future does not determine behavior, but its cognitive representation can
have a powerful effect on present actions.
• Bandura’s concept of humanity is more optimistic than pessimistic, because it
holds that people are capable of learning new behaviors throughout their lives.
However, dysfunctional behaviors may persist because of low self-efficacy or
because they are perceived as being reinforced.
• Social cognitive theory emphasizes conscious thought over unconscious
determinants of behavior.
• People do not become thoughtless during the learning process. They make
conscious judgments about how their actions affect the environment.

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Bandura: Social

• Core Features of Human Agency

Moral agency as having two aspects:

• Self-regulation through moral agency

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