Additional Mathematics Simultaneous Equations: Chapter 2 (Page 30)

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Additional Mathematics

Simultaneous Equations

Chapter 2 (page 30)


What are they?

• Simply 2 equations
– With 2 unknowns
– Usually x and y
• To “SOLVE the equations” means we find values
of x and y that
– Satisfy BOTH equations
– At same time [simultaneously]
Elimination Method

We have the same


A 2x – y = 1 number of y’s in each
If we ADD the equations, the y’s disappear
B 3x + y = 9
+
5x = 10 Divide both sides by 5

x =2
2x2–y=1 Substitute x = 2 in equation A

4–y=1 Answer
y=3 x = 2, y = 3
Elimination Method

We have the same


A 5x + y = 17 number of y’s in each

B 3x + y = 11 If we SUBTRACT the equations,


- the y’s disappear

2x =6 Divide both sides by 2

x =3
5 x 3 + y = 17 Substitute x = 3 in equation A

15 + y = 17 Answer
y=2 x = 3, y = 2
Elimination Method

We have the same


A 2x + 3y = 9 number of x’s in each

B 2x + y = 7 If we SUBTRACT the equations,


- the x’s disappear
2y = 2 Divide both sides by 2

y =1
2x + 3 = 9 Substitute y = 1 in equation A

2x = 6 Answer
x=3 x = 3, y = 1
Elimination Method

We have the same


A 4x - 3y = 14 number of y’s in each

B 2x + 3y = 16 If we ADD the equations,


+ the y’s disappear
6x = 30 Divide both sides by 6

x =5
20 – 3y = 14 Substitute x = 5 in equation A

3y = 6 Answer
y=2 x = 5, y = 2
Basic steps (If needed)

• Look at equations
• Same number of x’s or y’s?
• If the sign is different, ADD the equations
otherwise subtract tem
• Then have ONE equation
• Solve this
• Substitute answer to get the other
• CHECK by substitution of BOTH answers
What if NOT same number of x’s or y’s?

A 3x + y = 10 If we multiply A by 2 we
get 2y in each
B 5x + 2y = 17
A6x + 2y = 20
B 5x + 2y = 17
- x =3
In B 5 x 3 + 2y = 17
15 + 2y = 17 Answer
x = 3, y = 1
y=1
What if NOT same number of x’s or y’s?
A 4x - 2y = 8
If we multiply A by 3 we
B 3x + 6y = 21 get 6y in each

A 12x - 6y = 24
B 3x + 6y = 21
+ 15x = 45
x=3
Subs in B, 3 x 3 + 6y = 21
Answer
6y = 12
x = 3, y = 2
y=2
…if multiplying 1 equation doesn’t help?

A 3x + 7y = 26
Multiply A by 5 & B by 3,
B 5x + 2y = 24 we get 15x in each
A 15x + 35y = 130
B 15x + 6y = 72
- 29y = 58
Could multiply A by 2 & B
by 7 to get 14y in each
y=2
In B 5x + 2 x 2 = 24 Answer
5x = 20 x = 4, y = 2
x=4
…if multiplying 1 equation doesn’t help?

A 3x - 2y = 7
Multiply A by 3 & B by 2,
B 5x + 3y = 37 we get +6y & -6y
A 9x – 6y = 21
B 10x + 6y = 74
+ 19x = 95
Could multiply A by 5 & B
by 3 to get 15x in each
x=5
In B 5 x 5 + 3y = 37 Answer
3y = 12 x = 5, y = 4
y=4
Simultaneous linear and quadratic
equations
When one of the equations in a pair of simultaneous equations is
quadratic, we often end up with two pairs of solutions. For example,

y = x2 + 1 1
y=x+3 2

Substituting equation 1 into equation 2 ,


x2 + 1 = x + 3

We have to collect all the terms onto the left-hand side to give a quadratic equation
of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.

x2 – x – 2 = 0

factorize: (x + 1)(x – 2) = 0

x = –1 or x=2
Simultaneous linear and quadratic
equations
We can substitute these values of x into one of the equations

y = x2 + 1 1
y=x+3 2
to find the corresponding values of y.

It is easiest to substitute into equation 2 because it is linear.

When x = –1 we have, When x = 2 we have,

y = –1 + 3 y=2+3

y=2 y=5

The solutions are x = –1, y = 2 and x = 2, y = 5.


Using graphs to solve equations
We can also show the solutions 10 y = x2 + 1
to
y = x2 + 1 8 y=x+3

y=x+3 6
using a graph.
4 (2, 5)

The points where the two graphs (–1,2) 2


intersect give the solution to the
pair of simultaneous equations.
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
–2

It is difficult to sketch a parabola accurately. For this reason, it is difficult to solve


simultaneous equations with quadratic terms using graphs.
Simultaneous linear and quadratic
equations
Look at this pair of simultaneous equations:

y=x+1 1
x2 + y2 = 13 2

What shape is the graph given by x2 + y2 = 13?

The graph of x2 + y2 = 13 is a circular graph with its centre at the origin and a
radius of √13.

We can solve this pair of simultaneous equations algebraically using


substitution.

We can also plot the graphs of the equations and observe where they
intersect.
Simultaneous linear and quadratic
equations
y=x+1 1
x2 + y2 = 13 2

Substituting equation 1 into equation 2 ,


x2 + (x + 1)2 = 13

expand the bracket: x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 = 13

simplify: 2x2 + 2x + 1 = 13

subtract 13 from both sides: 2x2 + 2x – 12 = 0

divide through by 2: x2 + x – 6 = 0

factorize: (x + 3)(x – 2) = 0

x = –3 or x=2
Simultaneous linear and quadratic
equations
We can substitute these values of x into one of the equations

y=x+1 1
x2 + y2 = 13 2
to find the corresponding values of y.

It is easiest to substitute into equation 1 because it is linear.


When x = –3 we have, When x = 2 we have,

y = –3 + 1 y=2+1

y = –2 y=3

The solutions are x = –3, y = –2 and x = 2, y = 3.


Using graphs to solve equations

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