CardioVascular System

CardioVascular System
ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL

ASPECTS
BY DR VACHINI BHATT
The Cardiovascular System
Function of the Circulatory System
 Circulate blood throughout entire body for

 Transport of oxygen to cells
 Transport of CO2 away from cells
 Transport of nutrients (glucose) to cells
 Movement of immune system components (cells, antibodies)
 Transport of endocrine gland secretions
The main organs and their functions
 Heart is the pump
 Arteries and veins are main tubes (plumbing)
 Arteries Away from Heart
 Veins to Heart
 Capillaries is where diffusion happens (oxygen,
CO2, and glucose diffuse in or out of blood)
 Blood – transports material to every cell of the
body
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system
Lungs
the right side of the left side of

the system the system
deals with deals with
deoxygenated oxygenated
blood.
blood.
Body cells
The Heart
This is a vein. It brings These are arteries.

blood from the body, They carry blood
except the lungs. away from the heart.
2 atria
Coronary arteries,
the hearts own
2 ventricles blood supply
The heart has four chambers
now lets look inside the heart

The Heart
Artery to Lungs Artery to Head and Body
Vein from Head and Body

Vein from Lungs
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
valve valve
Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

blood from the heart gets around
the body through blood vessels
There are 3 types of blood vessels
a. ARTERY
b. VEIN
c. CAPILLARY
The ARTERY
Arteries have strong, muscular walls to carry blood away
from the heart.
the elastic fibres allow

the artery to stretch
under pressure
thick muscle and

the thick muscle can
elastic fibres
contract to push the
blood along.
The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards the heart.
veins have valves

which act to stop the
blood from going in
the wrong direction.
thin muscle and

elastic fibres body muscles surround the veins
so that when they contract to
move the body, they also squeeze
the veins and push the blood along
the vessel.
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
they exchange materials

between the blood and
other body cells.
the wall of a capillary

is only one cell thick The exchange of materials
between the blood and the
body can only occur through
capillaries.
what’s in
digested food
red blood cells white blood cells
oxygen waste (urea)
carbon dioxide platelets
plasma hormones
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
What makes up our blood?
 RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and
contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our
cells.
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of
the immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
 PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
 PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of
their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other
waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal
wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three
drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.
http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html
Genetics of Blood Types
 Your blood type is established before you are BORN,
by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
 You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one

from your FATHER.
 These genes determine your blood type by causing

proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the
surface of all of your red blood cells.
Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace
blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s
body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Who can give you blood? Universal Donor
People with TYPE O blood are called

Universal Donors, because they can give
blood to any blood type.
People with TYPE AB blood are called

Universal Recipients, because they can
receive any blood type.
Rh +  Can receive + or -
Rh -  Can only receive -
Universal Recipient
Cardiovascular Disorders
 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Western countries.

 Modern research efforts have improved diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
 Major cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis, stroke, heart attack,
aneurysm, and hypertension.
Hemophilia
 Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder due to a deficiency in a

clotting factor that produces abnormal bleeding.
 Bumps and falls cause bleeding in the joints; cartilage degeneration and
resorption of bone can follow.
 The most frequent cause of death is bleeding into the brain with
accompanying neurological damage.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is due to a build-up of fatty
material (plaque), mainly cholesterol, under
the inner lining of arteries.
The plaque can cause a thrombus (blood clot)
to form.
The thrombus can dislodge and lead to the
bursting of a blood vessel.
Stroke, Heart Attack, and Aneurysm
 Stroke results when an embolus lodges in a cerebral blood vessel or a cerebral

blood vessel bursts; a portion of the brain dies due to lack of oxygen.
 Heart attack occurs when a portion of heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen.
 Aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood vessel, usually in the abdominal aorta or arteries leading to the brain.
 Death results if the aneurysm is in a large vessel and the vessel bursts.
 Atherosclerosis and hypertension weaken blood vessels over time, increasing the risk of aneurysm.
Coronary Bypass Operations
 A coronary bypass operation involves

removing a segment of another blood vessel
and replacing a clogged coronary artery.
 It may be possible to replace this surgery
with gene therapy that stimulates new
blood vessels to grow where the heart needs
more blood flow.
Coronary bypass operation
Clearing Clogged Arteries
 Angioplasty uses a long tube threaded through an
arm or leg vessel to the point where the coronary
artery is blocked; inflating the tube forces the
vessel open. Stents are put in place to keep it
open.
 Stents are small metal pieces that are expanded
inside the artery to keep it open.
 Stents are coated with heparin to prevent blood
clotting and with chemicals to prevent arterial
closing.
Angioplasty

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CardioVascular System

ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL

 Circulate blood throughout entire body for

the right side of the left side of

deals with deals with

This is a vein. It brings These are arteries.

The heart has four chambers

now lets look inside the heart

Artery to Lungs Artery to Head and Body

Vein from Head and Body

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

There are 3 types of blood vessels

the elastic fibres allow

thick muscle and

veins have valves

thin muscle and

they exchange materials

the wall of a capillary

oxygen waste (urea)

carbon dioxide platelets

 You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one

 These genes determine your blood type by causing

Who can give you blood? Universal Donor

People with TYPE O blood are called

People with TYPE AB blood are called

 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Western countries.

 Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder due to a deficiency in a

 Stroke results when an embolus lodges in a cerebral blood vessel or a cerebral

 A coronary bypass operation involves

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