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    Mas 1

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    Dang Vu

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    Mas 1

    Uploaded by

    Dang Vu
    11 views16 pages

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    MAS_1

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    11 views16 pages

    Mas 1

    Uploaded by

    Dang Vu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Sample Spaces Events

    Probability
    Probability & statistics

    Group 1
    Group 1
    Tiến Anh Đại Dương
    Thành Vương

    Quang Huy Minh Đăng


    Long
    Sample space
    • Sample space is a term used in mathematics to
    mean all possible outcomes.
    • Sign of sample space is Omega( Ω )
    • Each of outcomes belong to this is called an
    element
    Example 1
    For example, the sample space for rolling a normal dice is {1,2,3,4,5,6} as
    these are all the only outcomes we can obtain.
    The sample space for flipping a coin is {S, N}.
    Example 2
    We could also write out the sample space for rolling two dice,
    but to simplify things mathematicians often use sample space diagrams.
    Look at this sample space diagram for rolling two dice:

    we can see that


    there are 36 possible
    he probability of
    getting the outcome
    3,2 is 1/36
    There are 2 type of Sample space:

    Discrete, finite sample space Continuous, infinite sample space


    Events

    • In probability theory, an event is a set of outputs


    (also known as a subset of the sample space) to
    which one will assign a real number (also called a
    Probability).
    • Symbols by capital letters: A, B, C,…

    • Can be given as:


    A proposition (Form: A: “…….”)
    A set (Form: A={……..})
    Episode ∅: impossible event (referred to as zero event)
    Episode Ω: Certain Events

    • Event A occurs in a certain trial if and only if the outcome


    of that trial is an element of A (or favorable to A).
    Example
    Lets try handing a die with sample space Ω={1,2,3,4,5,6}.
    Identify the following events:
    • A: “even faces appear”
    • B: “face with number of dots greater than 6 appears
    • C: "faces with numbers smaller than 7 appear"
    Probability

    Suppose A is an event involving a trial of only a finite


    number results are likely to appear. We call the ratio
    is the probability of event A, denoted
    Property
     Suppose A and B are events related to an experiment with a
    finite number of co-occurrence outcomes.
     Then we have the theorem:
     P(∅) = 0, P(Ω) = 10 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1, for all events A.
     If A and B are in conflict, thenP(A ⋃ B) = P(A) + P(B)
    (probability addition formula)
     Consequence:For all events A, we have:
    (A−) = 1 – P(A).
    Steps to Calculate Probability :
     If event A is a subset of the sample space ()
     Step 1: Determine ()  tính số phần tử n();
     Step 2: Determine favorable cases of event A  calculate
    the number of favorable cases where event A occurs is
    n(A);
     Step 3: Calculate P(A) =
    Example 1
    Roll a evenly matched dice. Find the probability that the top
    of
    the dice has an even number of dots.
     Step 1:Call B be fixed on the dotted dice
     Step 2: Sample space() : 6 cases
     Step 3: The favorable outcomes of event B are 3 cases
    {2,4,6}
     Step 4: P(B ) = = =
    Example 2
    A survey of people's interest in 3 newspapers A, B, and C in a
    neighborhood
    is as follows:
    20% of people read newspaper A ; 15% of people see newspaper B ;
    10% of people see newspaper C;
    There are 5% of people watching A and B ; 3% of people see B and C ;
    4% of people watch A and C ;
    2% of people watch both A and B and C
    a/ Calculate the probability that people will see at least one newspaper;
    b/ The probability that people will not see any newspapers;
    Example 2
    Let A , B , C be the event that people see newspaper A, B, and C,
    respectively
    P(A) = 0.2; P(B) = 0.15 ; P(C) = 0,1
    P(AB) = 0.05 ; P(BC) = 0.03 ; P(AC) = 0.04 ; P (0.02)

    a/ Let D be the event "everyone reads at least one newspaper"


    =>D = A  B  C
    P(D) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(AB) – P(BC) – P(AC) + P(ABC)
    = 0.2 + 0.15 + 0.1 – 0,05 – 0.03 -0.04 + 0.02 = 0.35 = 35%

    b/ Let E be the event "people don't see any newspaper"


    => E =. event of E is the event D
     P(E) = 1 – P(D) = 1 -0.35 = 0.65 = 65%;
    Question!!!

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