Hercules Module 3

We all belong to one
specie. You may have

noticed that we have
different physical
characteristics, Behavior,
Languages, Culture, and
environmental
conditions.
We all belong to one
specie. You may have
noticed that we have
CULTURAL different physical
VARIATION characteristics, Behavior,
Languages, Culture, and
environmental
Presented by: Neslyn Usana conditions.
& Shen Razhenlu Viloria
Human are social beings. Since the dawn of Homo
sapiens around 250,000
years ago, people formed groups or communities in
order to survive.
Living together
as one in one community, people had formed
common habits and behaviors
As each human group
experiences different
CULTURAL environmental
VARIATION conditions,
cultural variations are
established.
Cultural Variation
Comparing the
refers to the rich
CULTURAL traditions practiced
diversity in social
by Muslims that pork
patterns that different
VARIATION serve in their meals
human group exhibit
are forbidden
around the world.
As each human group because it says in
Music, dance,
experiences different their Holy Quran
languages, cuisine,
environmental while for Christian
and art
conditions, community,
are different from one
cultural variations are pork is a part of their
culture to another.
established. meal.
The variation
Comparing the in
human conditions
traditions practiced
promotes
by Muslimsdiversity
that porkin
cultural
serve traditions.
in their meals
What
are may be
forbidden
considered good
because it says in
practice in one
their Holy Quran
culture
while formay be
Christian
considered bad
community,
practice
pork is a part of their
in one
meal. another.
Comparing the
traditions practiced
by Muslims that pork
serve in their meals
are forbidden
because it says in
their Holy Quran
while for Christian
community,
pork is a part of their
meal.
As people travel
farther, moving from
different regions to
entirely different
parts of world, certain
aspects of culture
becomes dramatically
unfamiliar.
What happened when
we encounter different
cultures?
As we interact with
different
cultures other than
our own, we become
aware of the
differences or diversity
and
commonalities
between our own and
the others’ world.
We must remember that cultural variation or
diversity do not only occur between
people’s culture coming from different
countries, but also between people with
different
practices within the same country.
COMPARISON OF ONE’S CULTURE
TO ANOTHER REVEAL OBVIOUS
DIFFERENCES BUT ALL
CULTURES SHARE COMMON
ELEMENTS.
Cultural Universals are patterns or traits that are
globally common to all
societies.
One example of cultural universal is the family unit.
Every human group
recognizes family as the building blocks of the
society that regulates sexual
reproduction and care of their children.
Another example of cultural universal is the
language and the concept of
giving names to member of the family.
Within a human group, certain segments
of the society develop cultural
patterns that differs from the patterns of
the dominant society.
VARIATION BETWEEN CULTURES

1. Subculture is a culture that is shared with a
distinctive pattern of mores,
folkways, and values which differ from a larger
society.
The group of society who exhibit subculture
have a specific and unique set of beliefs and
values that set them
apart from the dominant culture.
2. Counter Culture is a culture practice by
groups whose values and norms place it
at odds with mainstream society or a group
that actively rejects the dominant
cultural values and norms.
Example:
Paramilitary is a semi-militarized force whose
organizational structure, tactics, trainings, and
functions are similar to professional military
and not included as a parts of formal armed
forces like NPA and ISIS
groups.
3. High Culture is a culture practiced and
patronized by the upper classes of the
society.
Example: watching opera, classical music

and live theater
4. Popular Culture is a culture practiced or
s patronized by the middle and working
classes of the society.
Example: Watching soap opera over the

televisions, movies and rock concerts
Many cultures around the world
believe that their beliefs, practices
are in fact superior to that of
others.
This mentality sometime leads
to discrimination and ostracism.
Ethnocentrism is the regard that
one’s own culture and society is the
center of everything and seen as the
most efficient and superior among
the cultures in the
world.
A person who exhibits ethnocentrism feels
that his or her culture is correct and
appropriate as compared to other cultures
thus an ethnocentric attitude can be
a problem in understanding each other
culture and foster tensions,
misunderstanding and conflicts between
societies.
Ethnocentrism can be so strong but when
confronted with all of the differences of a
new culture, one may experience culture
shock.
Culture Shock is the feeling of disoriented,
uncertain, out of place or even
fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar
culture.
As people experience unanticipated
differences from their own culture, their
excitement gives way to discomfort and
doubts how to behave appropriately in the
new situation. However, while people learn
more about the culture, eventually they
will recover from culture shock.
Culture shocks may appear because people
aren’t always expecting cultural
differences. People evaluates the particular
culture based on their own culture which
often give problems and bias due to his or
her own perspective that his or her culture
is the efficient and appropriate for the
environment.
When faced with plurality of culture, one
must adapt the conceptual tool of
cultural relativism.
Cultural Relativism is the practice by
assessing a culture by its own
standards rather that viewing it through
the lens of one’s own culture.
It is the practice that one must understood
in the context of their locality.
Practicing cultural relativism requires an
open mind and a willingness to consider,
and even adapt to new values and norms.
Using the lens of cultural
relativism, member of the society can be
more tolerant towards different attitudes
and practices of others’ culture.
It also promotes the idea that a society
has to be
viewed from inside so that the inner
aspects can be explained.
Ferraro and Andretta as mentioned by
Custodio advocate that cultural relativism
is more culturally relative approach in
understanding human group. They said
that one can build emotional resilience by
understanding one’s culture by not
necessarily mean to offend them but be
guided by their own cultural norms
Advantages of Cultural Relativism:
1. It promotes cooperation. Embracing

the differences of the different society
can create cooperation because it allows a
stronger bond with one another in the
society.
2. Respect and Equality is encouraged.
People from different culture with
different ideas that share their own
perspectives and experiences in the
society can promote respect and equality.
3. It preserves human cultures.
Respect with the diverse set of traditions,
ideas and practices would help preserve
the culture.
4. Cultural relativism creates a society
without judgement. Worrying and
practicing your own culture prevent
disagreement & judgement in the society.
Culture is evolving. New things are added to
material cultures every day can cause cultural
change.
Cultural Change is observed when new opens
up new ways of living and when
new ideas enter a culture as a result of
globalization.

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Hercules Module 3

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We all belong to one

specie. You may have

VARIATION BETWEEN CULTURES

Example: watching opera, classical music

Example: Watching soap opera over the

1. It promotes cooperation. Embracing

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