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    Simplex

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    shubham arora

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    Simplex

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    shubham arora
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    22 views11 pages

    Simplex

    Uploaded by

    shubham arora

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 11

    Tie for Leaving Basic Variable (Key Row) –

    Degeneracy
    While solving an LP problem a situation may arise where either the minimum ratio
    to identify the basic variable to leave the basis is not unique or value of one or more
    basic variables in the xB becomes zero. This causes the problem of degeneracy.
    Usually, the problem of degeneracy arises due to redundant constraint, i.e. one or
    more of the constraints of LP problem are not part of feasible solution space. For
    example, constraints such as x1 ≤ 5, x2 ≤ 5 and x1 + x2 ≤ 5 in the LP problem make
    constraint x1 + x2 ≤ 5 unnecessary (redundant). Degeneracy may occur at any
    iteration of the simplex method. In order to break the tie in the minimum ratios, the
    selection can be made arbitrarily. However, the number of iterations required to
    arrive at the optimal solution can be minimized by adopting the following rules.
    (i) Divide the coefficients of slack variables in the simplex table where degeneracy is
    seen by the corresponding positive numbers of the key column in the row, starting
    from left to right.
    (ii) Compare the ratios in step (i) from left to right column wise, select the row that
    contains the smallest ratio.
    Unbounded solution
    • In a maximization LP problem, if cj – zj > 0 (cj – zj < 0 for a
    minimization case) corresponds to a non-basic variable
    column in simplex table, and all aij values in this column are
    negative, then minimum ratio to decide basic variable to
    leave the basis can not be calculated. It is because negative
    value in denominator would indicate the entry of a non-
    basic variable in the basis with a negative value (an
    infeasible solution). Also, a zero value in the denominator
    would result in a ratio having an infinite value and would
    indicate that the value of non-basic variable could be
    increased infinitely with any of the current basic variables
    being removed from the basis.
    EXAMPLE
    • Maximise Z= -2x1 + 3x2
    subject to constraints
    x1 < 5
    2x1 – 3x2 < 6
    x1 , x2 > 0
    SOLUTION Maximise Z = -2x +3x +0S +0S
    1 2 1 2

    Subject to
    x1+S1 = 5
    2x1+3x2+S2=6
    x1,x2,s1,s2> 0
    Cj -2 3 0 0

    Basic Basic Basic X1 X2 S1 S2 Min


    variable variable variable ratio
    coefficie s value Basic
    nts variable
    /X2
    0 S1 5 1 0 1 0 _
    0 S2 6 2 3 0 1 _
    Zj 0 0 0 0
    Cj-Zj -2 3 0 0
    ALTERNATIVE (MULTIPLE)OPTIMAL
    SOLUTIONS
    • The cj – zj values in the simplex table indicates the
    contribution in the objective function value by
    each unit of a variable chosen to enter into the
    basis. Also, an optimal solution to a maximization
    LP problem is reached when all cj – zj ≤ 0. But, if cj
    – zj = 0 for a non-basic variable column in the
    optimal simplex table and such nonbasic variable is
    chosen to enter into the basis, then another
    optimal solution so obtained will show no
    improvement in the value of objective function.

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